Fluorescent Probes for Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase: Mechanistic Analysis, Construction Strategies, and Future Perspectives
The modulation of numerous signaling pathways is orchestrated by redox regulation of cellular environments. Maintaining dynamic redox homeostasis is of utmost importance for human health, given the common occurrence of altered redox status in various pathological conditions. The cardinal component o...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-08-01
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| Series: | Biosensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/8/811 |
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| author | Zilong Song Chengwu Fan Jintao Zhao Lei Wang Dongzhu Duan Tong Shen Xinming Li |
| author_facet | Zilong Song Chengwu Fan Jintao Zhao Lei Wang Dongzhu Duan Tong Shen Xinming Li |
| author_sort | Zilong Song |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The modulation of numerous signaling pathways is orchestrated by redox regulation of cellular environments. Maintaining dynamic redox homeostasis is of utmost importance for human health, given the common occurrence of altered redox status in various pathological conditions. The cardinal component of the thioredoxin system, mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) plays a vital role in supporting various physiological functions; however, its malfunction, disrupting redox balance, is intimately associated with the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Accordingly, the dynamic monitoring of TrxR of live organisms represents a powerful direction to facilitate the comprehensive understanding and exploration of the profound significance of redox biology in cellular processes. A number of classic assays have been developed for the determination of TrxR activity in biological samples, yet their application is constrained when exploring the real-time dynamics of TrxR activity in live organisms. Fluorescent probes offer several advantages for in situ imaging and the quantification of biological targets, such as non-destructiveness, real-time analysis, and high spatiotemporal resolution. These benefits facilitate the transition from a poise to a flux understanding of cellular targets, further advancing scientific studies in related fields. This review aims to introduce the progress in the development and application of TrxR fluorescent probes in the past years, and it mainly focuses on analyzing their reaction mechanisms, construction strategies, and potential drawbacks. Finally, this study discusses the critical challenges and issues encountered during the development of selective TrxR probes and proposes future directions for their advancement. We anticipate the comprehensive analysis of the present TrxR probes will offer some glitters of enlightenment, and we also expect that this review may shed light on the design and development of novel TrxR probes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:05:25Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6374 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:05:25Z |
| publishDate | 2023-08-01 |
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| series | Biosensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-6e3831be1b2f4e04af590715b1e90f4e2023-11-19T00:25:36ZengMDPI AGBiosensors2079-63742023-08-0113881110.3390/bios13080811Fluorescent Probes for Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase: Mechanistic Analysis, Construction Strategies, and Future PerspectivesZilong Song0Chengwu Fan1Jintao Zhao2Lei Wang3Dongzhu Duan4Tong Shen5Xinming Li6Natural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaNatural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, ChinaNatural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaShaanxi Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, ChinaNatural Medicine Research & Development Center, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, ChinaSchool of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, ChinaThe modulation of numerous signaling pathways is orchestrated by redox regulation of cellular environments. Maintaining dynamic redox homeostasis is of utmost importance for human health, given the common occurrence of altered redox status in various pathological conditions. The cardinal component of the thioredoxin system, mammalian thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) plays a vital role in supporting various physiological functions; however, its malfunction, disrupting redox balance, is intimately associated with the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Accordingly, the dynamic monitoring of TrxR of live organisms represents a powerful direction to facilitate the comprehensive understanding and exploration of the profound significance of redox biology in cellular processes. A number of classic assays have been developed for the determination of TrxR activity in biological samples, yet their application is constrained when exploring the real-time dynamics of TrxR activity in live organisms. Fluorescent probes offer several advantages for in situ imaging and the quantification of biological targets, such as non-destructiveness, real-time analysis, and high spatiotemporal resolution. These benefits facilitate the transition from a poise to a flux understanding of cellular targets, further advancing scientific studies in related fields. This review aims to introduce the progress in the development and application of TrxR fluorescent probes in the past years, and it mainly focuses on analyzing their reaction mechanisms, construction strategies, and potential drawbacks. Finally, this study discusses the critical challenges and issues encountered during the development of selective TrxR probes and proposes future directions for their advancement. We anticipate the comprehensive analysis of the present TrxR probes will offer some glitters of enlightenment, and we also expect that this review may shed light on the design and development of novel TrxR probes.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/8/811fluorescent proberedox chemistrythioredoxin reductasethioredoxin1,2-dithiolaneselenenylsulfide |
| spellingShingle | Zilong Song Chengwu Fan Jintao Zhao Lei Wang Dongzhu Duan Tong Shen Xinming Li Fluorescent Probes for Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase: Mechanistic Analysis, Construction Strategies, and Future Perspectives Biosensors fluorescent probe redox chemistry thioredoxin reductase thioredoxin 1,2-dithiolane selenenylsulfide |
| title | Fluorescent Probes for Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase: Mechanistic Analysis, Construction Strategies, and Future Perspectives |
| title_full | Fluorescent Probes for Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase: Mechanistic Analysis, Construction Strategies, and Future Perspectives |
| title_fullStr | Fluorescent Probes for Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase: Mechanistic Analysis, Construction Strategies, and Future Perspectives |
| title_full_unstemmed | Fluorescent Probes for Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase: Mechanistic Analysis, Construction Strategies, and Future Perspectives |
| title_short | Fluorescent Probes for Mammalian Thioredoxin Reductase: Mechanistic Analysis, Construction Strategies, and Future Perspectives |
| title_sort | fluorescent probes for mammalian thioredoxin reductase mechanistic analysis construction strategies and future perspectives |
| topic | fluorescent probe redox chemistry thioredoxin reductase thioredoxin 1,2-dithiolane selenenylsulfide |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6374/13/8/811 |
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