The BrIdge voLcanic LIdar—BILLI: A Review of Data Collection and Processing Techniques in the Italian Most Hazardous Volcanic Areas
Volcanologists have demonstrated that carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) fluxes are precursors of volcanic eruptions. Controlling volcanic gases and, in particular, the CO<sub>2</sub> flux, is technically challenging, but we can retrieve useful information from magmatic/geologic...
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MDPI AG
2020-09-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/18/6402 |
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| author | Stefano Parracino Simone Santoro Luca Fiorani Marcello Nuvoli Giovanni Maio Alessandro Aiuppa |
| author_facet | Stefano Parracino Simone Santoro Luca Fiorani Marcello Nuvoli Giovanni Maio Alessandro Aiuppa |
| author_sort | Stefano Parracino |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Volcanologists have demonstrated that carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) fluxes are precursors of volcanic eruptions. Controlling volcanic gases and, in particular, the CO<sub>2</sub> flux, is technically challenging, but we can retrieve useful information from magmatic/geological process studies for the mitigation of volcanic hazards including air traffic security. Existing techniques used to probe volcanic gas fluxes have severe limitations such as the requirement of near-vent in situ measurements, which is unsafe for operators and deleterious for equipment. In order to overcome these limitations, a novel range-resolved DIAL-Lidar (Differential Absorption Light Detection and Ranging) has been developed as part of the ERC (European Research Council) Project “BRIDGE”, for sensitive, remote, and safe real-time CO<sub>2</sub> observations. Here, we report on data collection, processing techniques, and the most significant findings of the experimental campaigns carried out at the most hazardous volcanic areas in Italy: Pozzuoli Solfatara (Phlegraen Fields), Stromboli, and Mt. Etna. The BrIdge voLcanic LIdar—BILLI has successfully obtained accurate measurements of in-plume CO<sub>2</sub> concentration and flux. In addition, wind velocity has also been retrieved. It has been shown that the measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> concentration performed by BILLI are comparable to those carried out by volcanologists with other standard techniques, heralding a new era in the observation of long-term volcanic gases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:20:36Z |
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| id | doaj.art-6e8e4ddb641a42deab67e408b78f7ef0 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T16:20:36Z |
| publishDate | 2020-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-6e8e4ddb641a42deab67e408b78f7ef02023-11-20T13:41:24ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172020-09-011018640210.3390/app10186402The BrIdge voLcanic LIdar—BILLI: A Review of Data Collection and Processing Techniques in the Italian Most Hazardous Volcanic AreasStefano Parracino0Simone Santoro1Luca Fiorani2Marcello Nuvoli3Giovanni Maio4Alessandro Aiuppa5Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, 00173 Rome, ItalyNuclear Fusion and Safety Technologies Department, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), 00044 Frascati, ItalyNuclear Fusion and Safety Technologies Department, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), 00044 Frascati, ItalyNuclear Fusion and Safety Technologies Department, ENEA (Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development), 00044 Frascati, ItalyBU Space & Big Science, Vitrociset a Leonardo Company, 00156 Rome, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze della Terra e del Mare, Università di Palermo, 90123 Palermo, ItalyVolcanologists have demonstrated that carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) fluxes are precursors of volcanic eruptions. Controlling volcanic gases and, in particular, the CO<sub>2</sub> flux, is technically challenging, but we can retrieve useful information from magmatic/geological process studies for the mitigation of volcanic hazards including air traffic security. Existing techniques used to probe volcanic gas fluxes have severe limitations such as the requirement of near-vent in situ measurements, which is unsafe for operators and deleterious for equipment. In order to overcome these limitations, a novel range-resolved DIAL-Lidar (Differential Absorption Light Detection and Ranging) has been developed as part of the ERC (European Research Council) Project “BRIDGE”, for sensitive, remote, and safe real-time CO<sub>2</sub> observations. Here, we report on data collection, processing techniques, and the most significant findings of the experimental campaigns carried out at the most hazardous volcanic areas in Italy: Pozzuoli Solfatara (Phlegraen Fields), Stromboli, and Mt. Etna. The BrIdge voLcanic LIdar—BILLI has successfully obtained accurate measurements of in-plume CO<sub>2</sub> concentration and flux. In addition, wind velocity has also been retrieved. It has been shown that the measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> concentration performed by BILLI are comparable to those carried out by volcanologists with other standard techniques, heralding a new era in the observation of long-term volcanic gases.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/18/6402volcanic eruptionsvolcanic plumesCO<sub>2</sub> fluxDIAL-Lidardata processing techniques |
| spellingShingle | Stefano Parracino Simone Santoro Luca Fiorani Marcello Nuvoli Giovanni Maio Alessandro Aiuppa The BrIdge voLcanic LIdar—BILLI: A Review of Data Collection and Processing Techniques in the Italian Most Hazardous Volcanic Areas Applied Sciences volcanic eruptions volcanic plumes CO<sub>2</sub> flux DIAL-Lidar data processing techniques |
| title | The BrIdge voLcanic LIdar—BILLI: A Review of Data Collection and Processing Techniques in the Italian Most Hazardous Volcanic Areas |
| title_full | The BrIdge voLcanic LIdar—BILLI: A Review of Data Collection and Processing Techniques in the Italian Most Hazardous Volcanic Areas |
| title_fullStr | The BrIdge voLcanic LIdar—BILLI: A Review of Data Collection and Processing Techniques in the Italian Most Hazardous Volcanic Areas |
| title_full_unstemmed | The BrIdge voLcanic LIdar—BILLI: A Review of Data Collection and Processing Techniques in the Italian Most Hazardous Volcanic Areas |
| title_short | The BrIdge voLcanic LIdar—BILLI: A Review of Data Collection and Processing Techniques in the Italian Most Hazardous Volcanic Areas |
| title_sort | bridge volcanic lidar billi a review of data collection and processing techniques in the italian most hazardous volcanic areas |
| topic | volcanic eruptions volcanic plumes CO<sub>2</sub> flux DIAL-Lidar data processing techniques |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/10/18/6402 |
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