Effects of Age, Metabolic and Socioeconomic Factors on Cardiovascular Risk among Saudi Women: A Subgroup Analysis from the Heart Health Promotion Study
<i>Background</i>: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in women. Along with the effect of age on the risk of CVD, the reproductive profile of women can influence cardiac health among women. <i>Objectives</i>: The objective of this study is to inves...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-03-01
|
| Series: | Medicina |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/3/623 |
| _version_ | 1797610211097182208 |
|---|---|
| author | Hayfaa Wahabi Samia Esmaeil Rasmieh Zeidan Amel Fayed |
| author_facet | Hayfaa Wahabi Samia Esmaeil Rasmieh Zeidan Amel Fayed |
| author_sort | Hayfaa Wahabi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Background</i>: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in women. Along with the effect of age on the risk of CVD, the reproductive profile of women can influence cardiac health among women. <i>Objectives</i>: The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of age and reproductive stages on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease risks in Saudi women. <i>Methods</i>: For this study, we included 1907 Saudi women from the Heart Health Promotion Study. The study cohort was divided into five age groups (less than 40 years, 40–45 years, 46–50 years, 51–55 years, and ≥56 years). The cohort stratification was meant to correspond to the social and hormonal changes in women’s life, including reproductive, perimenopausal, menopausal, and postmenopausal age groups. The groups were compared with respect to the prevalence of metabolic, socioeconomic, and cardiac risks, and the age group of less than 40 years was considered as the reference group. The World Health Organization stepwise approach to chronic disease risk factor Surveillance-Instrument v2.1 was used in this study to collect the anthropometric and biochemical measurements and the Framingham Coronary Heart Risk Score was used to calculate the cardiovascular risk (CVR). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the independent effect of age on CVD risks after adjustment of sociodemographic factors. <i>Results</i>: Metabolic and CVR increased progressively with the increase in age. There was a sharp increase in obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, from the age group <40 years to 41–45 years and then again between the age groups of 46–50 and ≥56 years. A similar noticeable increase in metabolic risk factors (high cholesterol, high triglyceride, high Low-Density Lipoprotein) was observed between the age group <40 years and 41–45 years, but with a steady increase with the increase in age between the other age groups. The high and intermediate Framingham Coronary Heart Risk Scores showed a progressive increase in prevalence with the increase in age, where the proportion doubled from 9.4% at the age group 46–50 years, to 22% at the age group 51–55 years. It doubled again at the age group ≥56 years to 53%—these sharp inflections in the risk of CVD correspond to the women’s reproductive lives. <i>Conclusions</i>: In Saudi women, CVR increases with the increase of age. The influence of pregnancy and menopause is apparent in the prevalence of increased risks for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:12:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6e8ed25ef4df4caeabddfba5bf9bb4c7 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1010-660X 1648-9144 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T06:12:20Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Medicina |
| spelling | doaj.art-6e8ed25ef4df4caeabddfba5bf9bb4c72023-11-17T12:33:19ZengMDPI AGMedicina1010-660X1648-91442023-03-0159362310.3390/medicina59030623Effects of Age, Metabolic and Socioeconomic Factors on Cardiovascular Risk among Saudi Women: A Subgroup Analysis from the Heart Health Promotion StudyHayfaa Wahabi0Samia Esmaeil1Rasmieh Zeidan2Amel Fayed3Research Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi ArabiaResearch Chair for Evidence-Based Health Care and Knowledge Translation, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi ArabiaCardiac Sciences Department, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi ArabiaClinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia<i>Background</i>: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in women. Along with the effect of age on the risk of CVD, the reproductive profile of women can influence cardiac health among women. <i>Objectives</i>: The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of age and reproductive stages on the development and progression of cardiovascular disease risks in Saudi women. <i>Methods</i>: For this study, we included 1907 Saudi women from the Heart Health Promotion Study. The study cohort was divided into five age groups (less than 40 years, 40–45 years, 46–50 years, 51–55 years, and ≥56 years). The cohort stratification was meant to correspond to the social and hormonal changes in women’s life, including reproductive, perimenopausal, menopausal, and postmenopausal age groups. The groups were compared with respect to the prevalence of metabolic, socioeconomic, and cardiac risks, and the age group of less than 40 years was considered as the reference group. The World Health Organization stepwise approach to chronic disease risk factor Surveillance-Instrument v2.1 was used in this study to collect the anthropometric and biochemical measurements and the Framingham Coronary Heart Risk Score was used to calculate the cardiovascular risk (CVR). Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the independent effect of age on CVD risks after adjustment of sociodemographic factors. <i>Results</i>: Metabolic and CVR increased progressively with the increase in age. There was a sharp increase in obesity, hypertension, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, from the age group <40 years to 41–45 years and then again between the age groups of 46–50 and ≥56 years. A similar noticeable increase in metabolic risk factors (high cholesterol, high triglyceride, high Low-Density Lipoprotein) was observed between the age group <40 years and 41–45 years, but with a steady increase with the increase in age between the other age groups. The high and intermediate Framingham Coronary Heart Risk Scores showed a progressive increase in prevalence with the increase in age, where the proportion doubled from 9.4% at the age group 46–50 years, to 22% at the age group 51–55 years. It doubled again at the age group ≥56 years to 53%—these sharp inflections in the risk of CVD correspond to the women’s reproductive lives. <i>Conclusions</i>: In Saudi women, CVR increases with the increase of age. The influence of pregnancy and menopause is apparent in the prevalence of increased risks for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/3/623Saudi womencardiovascular diseaserisk factorsmenopausepregnancy |
| spellingShingle | Hayfaa Wahabi Samia Esmaeil Rasmieh Zeidan Amel Fayed Effects of Age, Metabolic and Socioeconomic Factors on Cardiovascular Risk among Saudi Women: A Subgroup Analysis from the Heart Health Promotion Study Medicina Saudi women cardiovascular disease risk factors menopause pregnancy |
| title | Effects of Age, Metabolic and Socioeconomic Factors on Cardiovascular Risk among Saudi Women: A Subgroup Analysis from the Heart Health Promotion Study |
| title_full | Effects of Age, Metabolic and Socioeconomic Factors on Cardiovascular Risk among Saudi Women: A Subgroup Analysis from the Heart Health Promotion Study |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Age, Metabolic and Socioeconomic Factors on Cardiovascular Risk among Saudi Women: A Subgroup Analysis from the Heart Health Promotion Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Age, Metabolic and Socioeconomic Factors on Cardiovascular Risk among Saudi Women: A Subgroup Analysis from the Heart Health Promotion Study |
| title_short | Effects of Age, Metabolic and Socioeconomic Factors on Cardiovascular Risk among Saudi Women: A Subgroup Analysis from the Heart Health Promotion Study |
| title_sort | effects of age metabolic and socioeconomic factors on cardiovascular risk among saudi women a subgroup analysis from the heart health promotion study |
| topic | Saudi women cardiovascular disease risk factors menopause pregnancy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1648-9144/59/3/623 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT hayfaawahabi effectsofagemetabolicandsocioeconomicfactorsoncardiovascularriskamongsaudiwomenasubgroupanalysisfromthehearthealthpromotionstudy AT samiaesmaeil effectsofagemetabolicandsocioeconomicfactorsoncardiovascularriskamongsaudiwomenasubgroupanalysisfromthehearthealthpromotionstudy AT rasmiehzeidan effectsofagemetabolicandsocioeconomicfactorsoncardiovascularriskamongsaudiwomenasubgroupanalysisfromthehearthealthpromotionstudy AT amelfayed effectsofagemetabolicandsocioeconomicfactorsoncardiovascularriskamongsaudiwomenasubgroupanalysisfromthehearthealthpromotionstudy |