Gallium-doped zinc oxide: nonlinear reflection and transmission measurements and modeling in the ENZ region
Strong nonlinear materials have been sought after for decades for applications in telecommunications, sensing, and quantum optics. Gallium-doped zinc oxide is a II–VI transparent conducting oxide that shows promising nonlinearities similar to indium tin oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide for the te...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | JPhys Photonics |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/acbdd7 |
| _version_ | 1797844667840069632 |
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| author | Adam Ball Ray Secondo Benjamin T Diroll Dhruv Fomra Kai Ding Vitaly Avrutin Ümit Özgür Nathaniel Kinsey |
| author_facet | Adam Ball Ray Secondo Benjamin T Diroll Dhruv Fomra Kai Ding Vitaly Avrutin Ümit Özgür Nathaniel Kinsey |
| author_sort | Adam Ball |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Strong nonlinear materials have been sought after for decades for applications in telecommunications, sensing, and quantum optics. Gallium-doped zinc oxide is a II–VI transparent conducting oxide that shows promising nonlinearities similar to indium tin oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide for the telecommunications band. Here we explore its nonlinearities in the epsilon near zero (ENZ) region and show n _2,eff values on the order of 4.5 × 10 ^−3 cm ^2 GW ^−1 for IR pumping on 200–300 nm thin films. Measuring nonlinear changes in transmission and reflection with a white light source probe in the near-IR while exciting in the near-IR provides data in both time and wavelength. Three films varying in thickness, optical loss, and ENZ crossover wavelength are numerically modeled and compared to experimental data showing agreement for both dispersion and temporal relaxation. In addition, we discuss optimal excitation and probing wavelengths occur around ENZ for thick films but are red-shifted for thin films where our model provides an additional degree of freedom to explore. Obtaining accurate nonlinear measurements is a difficult and time-consuming task where our method in this paper provides experimental and modeled data to the community for an ENZ material of interest. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T17:26:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6ead7bc7f3cd4b969dfa7175745be269 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2515-7647 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T17:26:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | JPhys Photonics |
| spelling | doaj.art-6ead7bc7f3cd4b969dfa7175745be2692023-04-18T13:50:04ZengIOP PublishingJPhys Photonics2515-76472023-01-015202400110.1088/2515-7647/acbdd7Gallium-doped zinc oxide: nonlinear reflection and transmission measurements and modeling in the ENZ regionAdam Ball0https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1816-7813Ray Secondo1Benjamin T Diroll2Dhruv Fomra3Kai Ding4https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4791-4742Vitaly Avrutin5Ümit Özgür6Nathaniel Kinsey7Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA 23284, United States of AmericaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA 23284, United States of America; Air Force Research Laboratory Wright-Patterson Air Force Base , Dayton, OH 45433, United States of AmericaCenter for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory , 9700 S. Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL 60439, United States of AmericaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA 23284, United States of AmericaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA 23284, United States of AmericaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA 23284, United States of AmericaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA 23284, United States of AmericaDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, VA 23284, United States of AmericaStrong nonlinear materials have been sought after for decades for applications in telecommunications, sensing, and quantum optics. Gallium-doped zinc oxide is a II–VI transparent conducting oxide that shows promising nonlinearities similar to indium tin oxide and aluminum-doped zinc oxide for the telecommunications band. Here we explore its nonlinearities in the epsilon near zero (ENZ) region and show n _2,eff values on the order of 4.5 × 10 ^−3 cm ^2 GW ^−1 for IR pumping on 200–300 nm thin films. Measuring nonlinear changes in transmission and reflection with a white light source probe in the near-IR while exciting in the near-IR provides data in both time and wavelength. Three films varying in thickness, optical loss, and ENZ crossover wavelength are numerically modeled and compared to experimental data showing agreement for both dispersion and temporal relaxation. In addition, we discuss optimal excitation and probing wavelengths occur around ENZ for thick films but are red-shifted for thin films where our model provides an additional degree of freedom to explore. Obtaining accurate nonlinear measurements is a difficult and time-consuming task where our method in this paper provides experimental and modeled data to the community for an ENZ material of interest.https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/acbdd7nonlinear opticstransparent conducting oxidesepsilon-near-zero |
| spellingShingle | Adam Ball Ray Secondo Benjamin T Diroll Dhruv Fomra Kai Ding Vitaly Avrutin Ümit Özgür Nathaniel Kinsey Gallium-doped zinc oxide: nonlinear reflection and transmission measurements and modeling in the ENZ region JPhys Photonics nonlinear optics transparent conducting oxides epsilon-near-zero |
| title | Gallium-doped zinc oxide: nonlinear reflection and transmission measurements and modeling in the ENZ region |
| title_full | Gallium-doped zinc oxide: nonlinear reflection and transmission measurements and modeling in the ENZ region |
| title_fullStr | Gallium-doped zinc oxide: nonlinear reflection and transmission measurements and modeling in the ENZ region |
| title_full_unstemmed | Gallium-doped zinc oxide: nonlinear reflection and transmission measurements and modeling in the ENZ region |
| title_short | Gallium-doped zinc oxide: nonlinear reflection and transmission measurements and modeling in the ENZ region |
| title_sort | gallium doped zinc oxide nonlinear reflection and transmission measurements and modeling in the enz region |
| topic | nonlinear optics transparent conducting oxides epsilon-near-zero |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7647/acbdd7 |
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