| Summary: | The aim of the research was to investigate whether different doses of ash from biomass combustion (<i>Salix viminalis</i> L. willow) have an impact on the number and community of soil bacteria. The experiment was carried out on podzolic and chernozem soils in a one-way field experiment (control, NPK, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 kg K<sub>2</sub>Oha<sup>−1</sup>). The ash from the biomass was characterized by pH 12.83 ± 0.68 and high content of macronutrients. Samples were taken from the 0–5 cm layer of soil under the cultivation of winter oilseed rape (<i>Brassica napus</i> L. var. Napus) in April and September 2021. The plate count method with PCA solid medium was used to determine the number of microorganisms, and mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used to analyze the microbiological community. The research showed an increase in the number of microorganisms after the use of the biomass ash fertilizer in the variants with ash doses from 200 to 500 kg K<sub>2</sub>Oha<sup>−1</sup>. The highest amount of soil bacteria in both tested soils was determined in these variants. In total, 44 bacterial species of 5 genera were identified in all variants: <i>Bacillus</i>, <i>Paenarthrobacter</i>, <i>Pseudarthrobacter</i>, <i>Pseudomonas</i>, and <i>Rhodococcus</i>. An important factor in the growth of the number of bacteria, in addition to the dose of biomass ash, was soil moisture, which in September was significantly higher than in April 2021 in both soils.
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