Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study
The iontophoresis delivery of insulin (INS) remains a serious challenge due to the low permeability of the drug through the skin. This work aims to investigate the potential of water-soluble polypyrrole nanoparticles (WS-PPyNPs) as a drug donor matrix for controlled transdermal iontophoresis of INS....
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MDPI AG
2021-11-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12479 |
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| author | Kamran Tari Soroush Khamoushian Tayyebeh Madrakian Abbas Afkhami Marek Jan Łos Arash Ghoorchian Mohammad Reza Samarghandi Saeid Ghavami |
| author_facet | Kamran Tari Soroush Khamoushian Tayyebeh Madrakian Abbas Afkhami Marek Jan Łos Arash Ghoorchian Mohammad Reza Samarghandi Saeid Ghavami |
| author_sort | Kamran Tari |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The iontophoresis delivery of insulin (INS) remains a serious challenge due to the low permeability of the drug through the skin. This work aims to investigate the potential of water-soluble polypyrrole nanoparticles (WS-PPyNPs) as a drug donor matrix for controlled transdermal iontophoresis of INS. WS-PPyNPs have been prepared via a simple chemical polymerization in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as both dopant and the stabilizing agent. The synthesis of the soluble polymer was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) spectroscopy. The loading mechanism of INS onto the WS-PPyNPs is based on the fact that the drug molecules can be replaced with doped dodecyl sulfate. A two-compartment Franz-type diffusion cell was employed to study the effect of current density, formulation pH, INS concentration, and sodium chloride concentration on anodal iontophoresis (AIP) and cathodal iontophoresis (CIP) of INS across the rat skin. Both AIP and CIP delivery of INS using WS-PPyNPs were significantly increased compared to passive delivery. Furthermore, while the AIP experiment (60 min at 0.13 mA cm<sup>–2</sup>) show low cumulative drug permeation for INS (about 20.48 µg cm<sup>−2</sup>); the CIP stimulation exhibited a cumulative drug permeation of 68.29 µg cm<sup>−2</sup>. This improvement is due to the separation of positively charged WS-PPyNPs and negatively charged INS that has occurred in the presence of cathodal stimulation. The obtained results confirm the potential applicability of WS-PPyNPs as an effective approach in the development of controlled transdermal iontophoresis of INS. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:25:40Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T05:25:40Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-6f3561134af2493ca99f517be483678f2023-11-22T23:43:01ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672021-11-0122221247910.3390/ijms222212479Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro StudyKamran Tari0Soroush Khamoushian1Tayyebeh Madrakian2Abbas Afkhami3Marek Jan Łos4Arash Ghoorchian5Mohammad Reza Samarghandi6Saeid Ghavami7Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838636, IranFaculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6516738695, IranFaculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6516738695, IranFaculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6516738695, IranAutophagy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7135646141, IranFaculty of Chemistry, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6516738695, IranDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838636, IranResearch Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, CanadaThe iontophoresis delivery of insulin (INS) remains a serious challenge due to the low permeability of the drug through the skin. This work aims to investigate the potential of water-soluble polypyrrole nanoparticles (WS-PPyNPs) as a drug donor matrix for controlled transdermal iontophoresis of INS. WS-PPyNPs have been prepared via a simple chemical polymerization in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as both dopant and the stabilizing agent. The synthesis of the soluble polymer was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FT–IR) spectroscopy. The loading mechanism of INS onto the WS-PPyNPs is based on the fact that the drug molecules can be replaced with doped dodecyl sulfate. A two-compartment Franz-type diffusion cell was employed to study the effect of current density, formulation pH, INS concentration, and sodium chloride concentration on anodal iontophoresis (AIP) and cathodal iontophoresis (CIP) of INS across the rat skin. Both AIP and CIP delivery of INS using WS-PPyNPs were significantly increased compared to passive delivery. Furthermore, while the AIP experiment (60 min at 0.13 mA cm<sup>–2</sup>) show low cumulative drug permeation for INS (about 20.48 µg cm<sup>−2</sup>); the CIP stimulation exhibited a cumulative drug permeation of 68.29 µg cm<sup>−2</sup>. This improvement is due to the separation of positively charged WS-PPyNPs and negatively charged INS that has occurred in the presence of cathodal stimulation. The obtained results confirm the potential applicability of WS-PPyNPs as an effective approach in the development of controlled transdermal iontophoresis of INS.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12479transdermal iontophoresisinsulinwater soluble polypyrroleanodal iontophoresiscathodal iontophoresis |
| spellingShingle | Kamran Tari Soroush Khamoushian Tayyebeh Madrakian Abbas Afkhami Marek Jan Łos Arash Ghoorchian Mohammad Reza Samarghandi Saeid Ghavami Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study International Journal of Molecular Sciences transdermal iontophoresis insulin water soluble polypyrrole anodal iontophoresis cathodal iontophoresis |
| title | Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study |
| title_full | Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study |
| title_fullStr | Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study |
| title_short | Controlled Transdermal Iontophoresis of Insulin from Water-Soluble Polypyrrole Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study |
| title_sort | controlled transdermal iontophoresis of insulin from water soluble polypyrrole nanoparticles an in vitro study |
| topic | transdermal iontophoresis insulin water soluble polypyrrole anodal iontophoresis cathodal iontophoresis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/22/12479 |
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