Ketamine–Propofol Coadministration for Induction and Infusion Maintenance in Anesthetized Dogs: Effects on Electroencephalography and Antinociception
The effects of concurrent ketamine and propofol (ketofol) constant rate infusion (CRI) were examined in six dogs. The K:P ratio was 1:2, with an initial CRI of 0.25/0.5 mg/kg/min over ten minutes, followed by a 0.5 mg/kg ketamine bolus for induction. During induction, a comprehensive EEG frequency s...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-11-01
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| Series: | Animals |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/21/3391 |
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| author | Jeff C. Ko Carla Murillo Ann B. Weil Matthias Kreuzer George E. Moore |
| author_facet | Jeff C. Ko Carla Murillo Ann B. Weil Matthias Kreuzer George E. Moore |
| author_sort | Jeff C. Ko |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The effects of concurrent ketamine and propofol (ketofol) constant rate infusion (CRI) were examined in six dogs. The K:P ratio was 1:2, with an initial CRI of 0.25/0.5 mg/kg/min over ten minutes, followed by a 0.5 mg/kg ketamine bolus for induction. During induction, a comprehensive EEG frequency spectrum from delta to gamma was observed, accompanied by subanesthetic-dose ketofol-induced behavioral excitation, including nystagmus, tongue flicking, salivation and active muscle activity. The dogs were maintained on three 15 min decremental doses of ketofol CRI (0.8/1.6, 0.4/0.8 and 0.2/0.4 mg/kg/min). This phase featured a significant decrease in the Patient State Index, electromyographic activity and a shift to low beta waves (SEF95: 13–18 Hz). Additionally, profound antinociception to electric stimulation and a stable heart rate and blood pressure (MBP 81.5–110 mmHg) were observed, as well as a merging of ketamine and propofol EEG characteristics during maintenance. In the recovery phase, a return to beta and gamma EEG patterns and excitement behavior occurred, accompanied by a significant reduction in antinociception, highlighting features of low doses of ketofol. This study reveals biphasic EEG dynamic changes, associated behaviors and robust antinociception and cardiovascular function, suggesting the utility of ketofol as a total intravenous anesthetic combination in dogs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:34:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6f596ddda6664ed48646d377bcf3c3d3 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-2615 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T11:34:40Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Animals |
| spelling | doaj.art-6f596ddda6664ed48646d377bcf3c3d32023-11-10T14:57:57ZengMDPI AGAnimals2076-26152023-11-011321339110.3390/ani13213391Ketamine–Propofol Coadministration for Induction and Infusion Maintenance in Anesthetized Dogs: Effects on Electroencephalography and AntinociceptionJeff C. Ko0Carla Murillo1Ann B. Weil2Matthias Kreuzer3George E. Moore4College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USACollege of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USACollege of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USASchool of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 80333 Munich, GermanyCollege of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USAThe effects of concurrent ketamine and propofol (ketofol) constant rate infusion (CRI) were examined in six dogs. The K:P ratio was 1:2, with an initial CRI of 0.25/0.5 mg/kg/min over ten minutes, followed by a 0.5 mg/kg ketamine bolus for induction. During induction, a comprehensive EEG frequency spectrum from delta to gamma was observed, accompanied by subanesthetic-dose ketofol-induced behavioral excitation, including nystagmus, tongue flicking, salivation and active muscle activity. The dogs were maintained on three 15 min decremental doses of ketofol CRI (0.8/1.6, 0.4/0.8 and 0.2/0.4 mg/kg/min). This phase featured a significant decrease in the Patient State Index, electromyographic activity and a shift to low beta waves (SEF95: 13–18 Hz). Additionally, profound antinociception to electric stimulation and a stable heart rate and blood pressure (MBP 81.5–110 mmHg) were observed, as well as a merging of ketamine and propofol EEG characteristics during maintenance. In the recovery phase, a return to beta and gamma EEG patterns and excitement behavior occurred, accompanied by a significant reduction in antinociception, highlighting features of low doses of ketofol. This study reveals biphasic EEG dynamic changes, associated behaviors and robust antinociception and cardiovascular function, suggesting the utility of ketofol as a total intravenous anesthetic combination in dogs.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/21/3391ketaminepropofolconstant rate infusiondogsEEGelectric stimulation |
| spellingShingle | Jeff C. Ko Carla Murillo Ann B. Weil Matthias Kreuzer George E. Moore Ketamine–Propofol Coadministration for Induction and Infusion Maintenance in Anesthetized Dogs: Effects on Electroencephalography and Antinociception Animals ketamine propofol constant rate infusion dogs EEG electric stimulation |
| title | Ketamine–Propofol Coadministration for Induction and Infusion Maintenance in Anesthetized Dogs: Effects on Electroencephalography and Antinociception |
| title_full | Ketamine–Propofol Coadministration for Induction and Infusion Maintenance in Anesthetized Dogs: Effects on Electroencephalography and Antinociception |
| title_fullStr | Ketamine–Propofol Coadministration for Induction and Infusion Maintenance in Anesthetized Dogs: Effects on Electroencephalography and Antinociception |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ketamine–Propofol Coadministration for Induction and Infusion Maintenance in Anesthetized Dogs: Effects on Electroencephalography and Antinociception |
| title_short | Ketamine–Propofol Coadministration for Induction and Infusion Maintenance in Anesthetized Dogs: Effects on Electroencephalography and Antinociception |
| title_sort | ketamine propofol coadministration for induction and infusion maintenance in anesthetized dogs effects on electroencephalography and antinociception |
| topic | ketamine propofol constant rate infusion dogs EEG electric stimulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2615/13/21/3391 |
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