Insufficient Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Low Potassium Intake Aggravate Early Renal Damage in Children: A Longitudinal Study
Insufficient fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) and low potassium intake are associated with many non-communicable diseases, but the association with early renal damage in children is uncertain. We aimed to identify the associations of early renal damage with insufficient FVI and daily potassium intak...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/6/1228 |
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| author | Menglong Li Nubiya Amaerjiang Ziang Li Huidi Xiao Jiawulan Zunong Lifang Gao Sten H. Vermund Yifei Hu |
| author_facet | Menglong Li Nubiya Amaerjiang Ziang Li Huidi Xiao Jiawulan Zunong Lifang Gao Sten H. Vermund Yifei Hu |
| author_sort | Menglong Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Insufficient fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) and low potassium intake are associated with many non-communicable diseases, but the association with early renal damage in children is uncertain. We aimed to identify the associations of early renal damage with insufficient FVI and daily potassium intake in a general pediatric population. We conducted four waves of urine assays based on our child cohort (PROC) study from October 2018 to November 2019 in Beijing, China. We investigated FVI and other lifestyle status via questionnaire surveys and measured urinary potassium, β<sub>2</sub>-microglobulin (β<sub>2</sub>-MG), and microalbumin (MA) excretion to assess daily potassium intake and renal damage among 1914 primary school children. The prevalence of insufficient FVI (<4/d) was 48.6% (95% CI: 46.4%, 50.9%) and the estimated potassium intake at baseline was 1.63 ± 0.48 g/d. Short sleep duration, long screen time, lower estimated potassium intake, higher β<sub>2</sub>-MG and MA excretion were significantly more frequent in the insufficient FVI group. We generated linear mixed effects models and observed the bivariate associations of urinary β<sub>2</sub>-MG and MA excretion with insufficient FVI (<i>β</i> = 0.012, 95% CI: 0.005, 0.020; <i>β</i> = 0.717, 95% CI: 0.075, 1.359), and estimated potassium intake (<i>β</i> = −0.042, 95% CI: −0.052, −0.033; <i>β</i> = −1.778, 95% CI: −2.600, −0.956), respectively; after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, SBP, sleep duration, screen time and physical activity. In multivariate models, we observed that urinary β<sub>2</sub>-MG excretion increased with insufficient FVI (<i>β</i> = 0.011, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.018) and insufficient potassium intake (<1.5 g/d) (<i>β</i> = 0.031, 95% CI: 0.023, 0.038); and urinary MA excretion increased with insufficient FVI (<i>β</i> = 0.658, 95% CI: 0.017, 1.299) and insufficient potassium intake (<i>β</i> = 1.185, 95% CI: 0.492, 1.878). We visualized different quartiles of potassium intake showing different renal damage with insufficient FVI for interpretation and validation of the findings. Insufficient FVI and low potassium intake aggravate early renal damage in children and underscores that healthy lifestyles, especially adequate FVI, should be advocated. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:04:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6f6aa1ef0dca469bb11b616426848f88 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T13:04:46Z |
| publishDate | 2022-03-01 |
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| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-6f6aa1ef0dca469bb11b616426848f882023-11-30T21:49:51ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432022-03-01146122810.3390/nu14061228Insufficient Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Low Potassium Intake Aggravate Early Renal Damage in Children: A Longitudinal StudyMenglong Li0Nubiya Amaerjiang1Ziang Li2Huidi Xiao3Jiawulan Zunong4Lifang Gao5Sten H. Vermund6Yifei Hu7Department of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, ChinaDepartment of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, ChinaDepartment of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, ChinaDepartment of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, ChinaDepartment of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, ChinaDepartment of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, ChinaYale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510-3201, USADepartment of Child, Adolescent Health and Maternal Care, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, ChinaInsufficient fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) and low potassium intake are associated with many non-communicable diseases, but the association with early renal damage in children is uncertain. We aimed to identify the associations of early renal damage with insufficient FVI and daily potassium intake in a general pediatric population. We conducted four waves of urine assays based on our child cohort (PROC) study from October 2018 to November 2019 in Beijing, China. We investigated FVI and other lifestyle status via questionnaire surveys and measured urinary potassium, β<sub>2</sub>-microglobulin (β<sub>2</sub>-MG), and microalbumin (MA) excretion to assess daily potassium intake and renal damage among 1914 primary school children. The prevalence of insufficient FVI (<4/d) was 48.6% (95% CI: 46.4%, 50.9%) and the estimated potassium intake at baseline was 1.63 ± 0.48 g/d. Short sleep duration, long screen time, lower estimated potassium intake, higher β<sub>2</sub>-MG and MA excretion were significantly more frequent in the insufficient FVI group. We generated linear mixed effects models and observed the bivariate associations of urinary β<sub>2</sub>-MG and MA excretion with insufficient FVI (<i>β</i> = 0.012, 95% CI: 0.005, 0.020; <i>β</i> = 0.717, 95% CI: 0.075, 1.359), and estimated potassium intake (<i>β</i> = −0.042, 95% CI: −0.052, −0.033; <i>β</i> = −1.778, 95% CI: −2.600, −0.956), respectively; after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, SBP, sleep duration, screen time and physical activity. In multivariate models, we observed that urinary β<sub>2</sub>-MG excretion increased with insufficient FVI (<i>β</i> = 0.011, 95% CI: 0.004, 0.018) and insufficient potassium intake (<1.5 g/d) (<i>β</i> = 0.031, 95% CI: 0.023, 0.038); and urinary MA excretion increased with insufficient FVI (<i>β</i> = 0.658, 95% CI: 0.017, 1.299) and insufficient potassium intake (<i>β</i> = 1.185, 95% CI: 0.492, 1.878). We visualized different quartiles of potassium intake showing different renal damage with insufficient FVI for interpretation and validation of the findings. Insufficient FVI and low potassium intake aggravate early renal damage in children and underscores that healthy lifestyles, especially adequate FVI, should be advocated.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/6/1228fruit and vegetable intakepotassium intakerenal damagechildrenChina |
| spellingShingle | Menglong Li Nubiya Amaerjiang Ziang Li Huidi Xiao Jiawulan Zunong Lifang Gao Sten H. Vermund Yifei Hu Insufficient Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Low Potassium Intake Aggravate Early Renal Damage in Children: A Longitudinal Study Nutrients fruit and vegetable intake potassium intake renal damage children China |
| title | Insufficient Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Low Potassium Intake Aggravate Early Renal Damage in Children: A Longitudinal Study |
| title_full | Insufficient Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Low Potassium Intake Aggravate Early Renal Damage in Children: A Longitudinal Study |
| title_fullStr | Insufficient Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Low Potassium Intake Aggravate Early Renal Damage in Children: A Longitudinal Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insufficient Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Low Potassium Intake Aggravate Early Renal Damage in Children: A Longitudinal Study |
| title_short | Insufficient Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Low Potassium Intake Aggravate Early Renal Damage in Children: A Longitudinal Study |
| title_sort | insufficient fruit and vegetable intake and low potassium intake aggravate early renal damage in children a longitudinal study |
| topic | fruit and vegetable intake potassium intake renal damage children China |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/6/1228 |
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