Towards Eradication of <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> Using a Fallow Approach in a Mediterranean Climate
While eradication from haul roads was achieved, more work is required to eradicate <i>P. cinnamomi</i> from stockpiles and bunds. We can now implement different management strategies to the construction of bunds and stockpiles to facilitate eradication. Infestation by <i>Phytophtho...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/10/1101 |
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| author | William A. Dunstan Kay Howard Andrew Grigg Christopher Shaw Treena I. Burgess Giles E. St. J. Hardy |
| author_facet | William A. Dunstan Kay Howard Andrew Grigg Christopher Shaw Treena I. Burgess Giles E. St. J. Hardy |
| author_sort | William A. Dunstan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | While eradication from haul roads was achieved, more work is required to eradicate <i>P. cinnamomi</i> from stockpiles and bunds. We can now implement different management strategies to the construction of bunds and stockpiles to facilitate eradication. Infestation by <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> results in large financial and management constraints to environmental managers. This pathogen was considered impossible to eradicate until recent success with treatments including host removal, herbicide and fungicide application, soil fumigation and physical root barriers. We investigated the most benign of these treatments; keeping the area devoid of living host material. In a Western Australian mine site within a Mediterranean climate, haul roads, stockpiles and roadside bunds had <i>P. cinnamomi</i> colonised <i>Pinus</i> stem plugs buried at multiple depths. Over time, we examined the effects of soil moisture and temperature in different soil conditions and types to compare the recovery of the pathogen. <i>Results:</i> Within 12 months, the pathogen could not be recovered from the haul roads. In the stockpiles, depth produced significantly different results. In 3 of the 4 sites, the pathogen was not recovered at 10 cm after 20 months. By 12 months, at 50 cm, there was an 80% reduction in recovery, but only one stockpile had no recovery from 50 cm, which occurred by 36 months. Bunds were up to 1.75 m high and had variable results for plugs buried at 30 cm, influenced by height, the types of soils and shading. One of the smallest bunds was the only bund where the pathogen was not recoverable (by 22 months). This study provides strong support for using a fallow period to reduce or eliminate <i>P. cinnamomi</i> inoculum. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:34:32Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6fa078f249b044a6891224a860268b78 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:34:32Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-6fa078f249b044a6891224a860268b782023-11-20T17:23:33ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072020-10-011110110110.3390/f11101101Towards Eradication of <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> Using a Fallow Approach in a Mediterranean ClimateWilliam A. Dunstan0Kay Howard1Andrew Grigg2Christopher Shaw3Treena I. Burgess4Giles E. St. J. Hardy5Phytophthora Science and Management, Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, AustraliaPhytophthora Science and Management, Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, AustraliaAlcoa of Australia, Pinjarra, WA 6208, AustraliaPhytophthora Science and Management, Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, AustraliaPhytophthora Science and Management, Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, AustraliaPhytophthora Science and Management, Centre for Climate Impacted Terrestrial Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 90 South Street, Murdoch, WA 6150, AustraliaWhile eradication from haul roads was achieved, more work is required to eradicate <i>P. cinnamomi</i> from stockpiles and bunds. We can now implement different management strategies to the construction of bunds and stockpiles to facilitate eradication. Infestation by <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> results in large financial and management constraints to environmental managers. This pathogen was considered impossible to eradicate until recent success with treatments including host removal, herbicide and fungicide application, soil fumigation and physical root barriers. We investigated the most benign of these treatments; keeping the area devoid of living host material. In a Western Australian mine site within a Mediterranean climate, haul roads, stockpiles and roadside bunds had <i>P. cinnamomi</i> colonised <i>Pinus</i> stem plugs buried at multiple depths. Over time, we examined the effects of soil moisture and temperature in different soil conditions and types to compare the recovery of the pathogen. <i>Results:</i> Within 12 months, the pathogen could not be recovered from the haul roads. In the stockpiles, depth produced significantly different results. In 3 of the 4 sites, the pathogen was not recovered at 10 cm after 20 months. By 12 months, at 50 cm, there was an 80% reduction in recovery, but only one stockpile had no recovery from 50 cm, which occurred by 36 months. Bunds were up to 1.75 m high and had variable results for plugs buried at 30 cm, influenced by height, the types of soils and shading. One of the smallest bunds was the only bund where the pathogen was not recoverable (by 22 months). This study provides strong support for using a fallow period to reduce or eliminate <i>P. cinnamomi</i> inoculum.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/10/1101soil matric potentialpathogen survivalhost eliminationsoil temperaturesoil moisturehost removal |
| spellingShingle | William A. Dunstan Kay Howard Andrew Grigg Christopher Shaw Treena I. Burgess Giles E. St. J. Hardy Towards Eradication of <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> Using a Fallow Approach in a Mediterranean Climate Forests soil matric potential pathogen survival host elimination soil temperature soil moisture host removal |
| title | Towards Eradication of <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> Using a Fallow Approach in a Mediterranean Climate |
| title_full | Towards Eradication of <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> Using a Fallow Approach in a Mediterranean Climate |
| title_fullStr | Towards Eradication of <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> Using a Fallow Approach in a Mediterranean Climate |
| title_full_unstemmed | Towards Eradication of <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> Using a Fallow Approach in a Mediterranean Climate |
| title_short | Towards Eradication of <i>Phytophthora cinnamomi</i> Using a Fallow Approach in a Mediterranean Climate |
| title_sort | towards eradication of i phytophthora cinnamomi i using a fallow approach in a mediterranean climate |
| topic | soil matric potential pathogen survival host elimination soil temperature soil moisture host removal |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/11/10/1101 |
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