Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method
Monitoring core body temperature (CBT) allows observation of heat stress and thermal comfort in various environments. By introducing a Peltier element, we improved the zero-heat-flux core body thermometer for hot environments. In this study, we performed a theoretical analysis, designed a prototype...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1970 |
| _version_ | 1797618281900670976 |
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| author | Hanzi Lu Shun Aratake Hisashi Naito Masamichi Nogawa Tetsu Nemoto Tatsuo Togawa Shinobu Tanaka |
| author_facet | Hanzi Lu Shun Aratake Hisashi Naito Masamichi Nogawa Tetsu Nemoto Tatsuo Togawa Shinobu Tanaka |
| author_sort | Hanzi Lu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Monitoring core body temperature (CBT) allows observation of heat stress and thermal comfort in various environments. By introducing a Peltier element, we improved the zero-heat-flux core body thermometer for hot environments. In this study, we performed a theoretical analysis, designed a prototype probe, and evaluated its performance through simulator experiments with human subjects. The finite element analysis shows that our design can reduce the influence of external temperature variations by as much as 1%. In the simulator experiment, the prototype probe could measure deep temperatures within an error of less than 0.1 °C, regardless of outside temperature change. In the ergometer experiment with four subjects, the average difference between the prototype probe and a commercial zero-heat-flux probe was +0.1 °C, with a 95% LOA of −0.23 °C to +0.21 °C. In the dome sauna test, the results measured in six of the seven subjects exhibited the same trend as the reference temperature. These results show that the newly developed probe with the Peltier module can measure CBT accurately, even when the ambient temperature is higher than CBT up to 42 °C. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:10:52Z |
| format | Article |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:10:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-6fa31ec812694c7b94dbc424e43d35132023-11-16T23:08:35ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-02-01234197010.3390/s23041970Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux MethodHanzi Lu0Shun Aratake1Hisashi Naito2Masamichi Nogawa3Tetsu Nemoto4Tatsuo Togawa5Shinobu Tanaka6Graduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1164, JapanGraduate School of Natural Science & Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1164, JapanInstitute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1164, JapanFaculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu 923-0961, JapanInstitute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-0942, JapanAdvanced Research Center for Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa 359-1192, JapanInstitute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1164, JapanMonitoring core body temperature (CBT) allows observation of heat stress and thermal comfort in various environments. By introducing a Peltier element, we improved the zero-heat-flux core body thermometer for hot environments. In this study, we performed a theoretical analysis, designed a prototype probe, and evaluated its performance through simulator experiments with human subjects. The finite element analysis shows that our design can reduce the influence of external temperature variations by as much as 1%. In the simulator experiment, the prototype probe could measure deep temperatures within an error of less than 0.1 °C, regardless of outside temperature change. In the ergometer experiment with four subjects, the average difference between the prototype probe and a commercial zero-heat-flux probe was +0.1 °C, with a 95% LOA of −0.23 °C to +0.21 °C. In the dome sauna test, the results measured in six of the seven subjects exhibited the same trend as the reference temperature. These results show that the newly developed probe with the Peltier module can measure CBT accurately, even when the ambient temperature is higher than CBT up to 42 °C.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1970core body temperaturezero-heat-flux methodhot environment solutioncore body thermometerPeltier module |
| spellingShingle | Hanzi Lu Shun Aratake Hisashi Naito Masamichi Nogawa Tetsu Nemoto Tatsuo Togawa Shinobu Tanaka Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method Sensors core body temperature zero-heat-flux method hot environment solution core body thermometer Peltier module |
| title | Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method |
| title_full | Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method |
| title_fullStr | Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method |
| title_full_unstemmed | Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method |
| title_short | Development of a Core Body Thermometer Applicable for High-Temperature Environment Based on the Zero-Heat-Flux Method |
| title_sort | development of a core body thermometer applicable for high temperature environment based on the zero heat flux method |
| topic | core body temperature zero-heat-flux method hot environment solution core body thermometer Peltier module |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/4/1970 |
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