Keeping up appearances: Don’t frown upon the effects of botulinum toxin injections in facial muscles
Aesthetic use of low doses of Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections into the facial muscles has become a leading non-surgical aesthetic treatment worldwide to reduce facial wrinkles, including glabellar lines, forehead lines, and periorbital wrinkles. Within these aesthetic applications, BoNT injections...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Clinical Neurophysiology Practice |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467981X23000215 |
| _version_ | 1797387870159241216 |
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| author | Anna Rostedt Punga Mohammad Alimohammadi Maarika Liik |
| author_facet | Anna Rostedt Punga Mohammad Alimohammadi Maarika Liik |
| author_sort | Anna Rostedt Punga |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Aesthetic use of low doses of Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections into the facial muscles has become a leading non-surgical aesthetic treatment worldwide to reduce facial wrinkles, including glabellar lines, forehead lines, and periorbital wrinkles. Within these aesthetic applications, BoNT injections intend to reduce and prevent wrinkles, and the recommended usage of 2 years is often exceeded, which may result in atrophy of the injected muscles. The long-term effects of BoNT injections in the facial muscles and the evidence of diffusion of BoNT to surrounding muscles are obvious pitfalls and challenges for clinical neurophysiologists in differential diagnosing neuromuscular transmission failures. Also, this is further complicated by the risk of developing side effects upon permanent chemical denervation of facial muscles, with less possibility for reinnervation.This review summarizes the known long-term effects of BoNT over time in different facial muscles and the use of objective electrophysiological measures to evaluate these. A better understanding of the long-term effects of BoNT is essential to avoid misdiagnosing other neuromuscular disorders. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T22:31:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6fbc5d9c7dc84d958d2438180d30791d |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2467-981X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T22:31:22Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Clinical Neurophysiology Practice |
| spelling | doaj.art-6fbc5d9c7dc84d958d2438180d30791d2023-12-18T04:24:34ZengElsevierClinical Neurophysiology Practice2467-981X2023-01-018169173Keeping up appearances: Don’t frown upon the effects of botulinum toxin injections in facial musclesAnna Rostedt Punga0Mohammad Alimohammadi1Maarika Liik2Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Neurophysiology, Uppsala University and Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; Corresponding author at: Department of Medical Sciences, Clinical Neurophysiology, Akademiska sjukhuset, entrance 85, 3rd floor, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden.Department of Medical Sciences, Dermatology and Venerology, Uppsala University and Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, SwedenDepartment of Medical Sciences, Clinical Neurophysiology, Uppsala University and Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, SwedenAesthetic use of low doses of Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections into the facial muscles has become a leading non-surgical aesthetic treatment worldwide to reduce facial wrinkles, including glabellar lines, forehead lines, and periorbital wrinkles. Within these aesthetic applications, BoNT injections intend to reduce and prevent wrinkles, and the recommended usage of 2 years is often exceeded, which may result in atrophy of the injected muscles. The long-term effects of BoNT injections in the facial muscles and the evidence of diffusion of BoNT to surrounding muscles are obvious pitfalls and challenges for clinical neurophysiologists in differential diagnosing neuromuscular transmission failures. Also, this is further complicated by the risk of developing side effects upon permanent chemical denervation of facial muscles, with less possibility for reinnervation.This review summarizes the known long-term effects of BoNT over time in different facial muscles and the use of objective electrophysiological measures to evaluate these. A better understanding of the long-term effects of BoNT is essential to avoid misdiagnosing other neuromuscular disorders.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467981X23000215Botulinum toxinNeuromuscularLong-term effectsCosmetic |
| spellingShingle | Anna Rostedt Punga Mohammad Alimohammadi Maarika Liik Keeping up appearances: Don’t frown upon the effects of botulinum toxin injections in facial muscles Clinical Neurophysiology Practice Botulinum toxin Neuromuscular Long-term effects Cosmetic |
| title | Keeping up appearances: Don’t frown upon the effects of botulinum toxin injections in facial muscles |
| title_full | Keeping up appearances: Don’t frown upon the effects of botulinum toxin injections in facial muscles |
| title_fullStr | Keeping up appearances: Don’t frown upon the effects of botulinum toxin injections in facial muscles |
| title_full_unstemmed | Keeping up appearances: Don’t frown upon the effects of botulinum toxin injections in facial muscles |
| title_short | Keeping up appearances: Don’t frown upon the effects of botulinum toxin injections in facial muscles |
| title_sort | keeping up appearances don t frown upon the effects of botulinum toxin injections in facial muscles |
| topic | Botulinum toxin Neuromuscular Long-term effects Cosmetic |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2467981X23000215 |
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