Correlation between Saliva Levels and Serum Levels of Free Uremic Toxins in Healthy Volunteers
The objective of the present study was to investigate the putative correlation between the saliva concentration and free serum concentration for 10 uremic toxins (UTs; eight protein-bound solutes: 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), hippuric acid (HA), indole-3-acetic acid (3-I...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-02-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/150 |
| _version_ | 1797617921570111488 |
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| author | Nicolas Fabresse Islam Amine Larabi Emuri Abe Elodie Lamy Claire Rigothier Ziad A. Massy Jean-Claude Alvarez |
| author_facet | Nicolas Fabresse Islam Amine Larabi Emuri Abe Elodie Lamy Claire Rigothier Ziad A. Massy Jean-Claude Alvarez |
| author_sort | Nicolas Fabresse |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The objective of the present study was to investigate the putative correlation between the saliva concentration and free serum concentration for 10 uremic toxins (UTs; eight protein-bound solutes: 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), hippuric acid (HA), indole-3-acetic acid (3-IAA), indoxyl sulfate (I3S), kynurenic acid (KA), kynurenine (KYN), p-cresyl glucuronide (pCG), and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS); two free, water-soluble, low-molecular weight solutes: phenylacetylglutamine (PAGN) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO); and three precursors: tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine, and tryptophan). Saliva samples and blood samples were collected simultaneously from 18 healthy volunteers. After the addition of internal standards, 50 µL of saliva or serum were precipitated with methanol. UTs and precursors were quantified using a validated LC-MS/MS method. The saliva–serum correlation was statistically significant (according to Spearman’s coefficient) for six UTs (TMAO, HA, I3S, pCS, 3-IAA, and CMPF). Tyr presented a weak saliva-serum correlation (<i>p</i> = 0.08), whereas the other two precursors did not show a saliva–serum correlation. For three UTs (KYN, KA and pCG), we were unable to test the correlation since the saliva or serum levels were too low in many of the volunteers. The present study is the first to report on the saliva concentrations of TMAO, KYN, HA, PAGN, pCG, and 3-IAA. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6fefddaae8e0424d87c6b6f94e265174 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:02:52Z |
| publishDate | 2023-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-6fefddaae8e0424d87c6b6f94e2651742023-11-16T23:39:16ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512023-02-0115215010.3390/toxins15020150Correlation between Saliva Levels and Serum Levels of Free Uremic Toxins in Healthy VolunteersNicolas Fabresse0Islam Amine Larabi1Emuri Abe2Elodie Lamy3Claire Rigothier4Ziad A. Massy5Jean-Claude Alvarez6Laboratory of Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology, La Timone University Hospital, 264 Rue Saint Pierre, CEDEX 5, 13385 Marseille, FranceDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, FranceDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, FranceMasSpecLab, Inserm U-1173, Simone Veil Medical School, Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Paris-Saclay University, 2 Av. de la Source de la Bièvre, 78180 Montigny-le-Bretonneux, FranceService de Néphrologie, Transplantation, Dialyse et Aphérèses, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, FranceService de Néphrologie, CHU Ambroise Paré, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris & Université Paris-Saclay (Versailles-Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines), 9 Avenue Charles de Gaulle, 92104 Boulogne Billancourt, FranceDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, AP-HP, 104 Boulevard Raymond Poincaré, 92380 Garches, FranceThe objective of the present study was to investigate the putative correlation between the saliva concentration and free serum concentration for 10 uremic toxins (UTs; eight protein-bound solutes: 3-carboxy-4-methyl-5-propyl-2-furanpropanoic acid (CMPF), hippuric acid (HA), indole-3-acetic acid (3-IAA), indoxyl sulfate (I3S), kynurenic acid (KA), kynurenine (KYN), p-cresyl glucuronide (pCG), and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS); two free, water-soluble, low-molecular weight solutes: phenylacetylglutamine (PAGN) and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO); and three precursors: tyrosine (Tyr), phenylalanine, and tryptophan). Saliva samples and blood samples were collected simultaneously from 18 healthy volunteers. After the addition of internal standards, 50 µL of saliva or serum were precipitated with methanol. UTs and precursors were quantified using a validated LC-MS/MS method. The saliva–serum correlation was statistically significant (according to Spearman’s coefficient) for six UTs (TMAO, HA, I3S, pCS, 3-IAA, and CMPF). Tyr presented a weak saliva-serum correlation (<i>p</i> = 0.08), whereas the other two precursors did not show a saliva–serum correlation. For three UTs (KYN, KA and pCG), we were unable to test the correlation since the saliva or serum levels were too low in many of the volunteers. The present study is the first to report on the saliva concentrations of TMAO, KYN, HA, PAGN, pCG, and 3-IAA.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/150uremic toxinssalivaindoxyl sulfatep-cresyl sulfatemass spectrometry |
| spellingShingle | Nicolas Fabresse Islam Amine Larabi Emuri Abe Elodie Lamy Claire Rigothier Ziad A. Massy Jean-Claude Alvarez Correlation between Saliva Levels and Serum Levels of Free Uremic Toxins in Healthy Volunteers Toxins uremic toxins saliva indoxyl sulfate p-cresyl sulfate mass spectrometry |
| title | Correlation between Saliva Levels and Serum Levels of Free Uremic Toxins in Healthy Volunteers |
| title_full | Correlation between Saliva Levels and Serum Levels of Free Uremic Toxins in Healthy Volunteers |
| title_fullStr | Correlation between Saliva Levels and Serum Levels of Free Uremic Toxins in Healthy Volunteers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Correlation between Saliva Levels and Serum Levels of Free Uremic Toxins in Healthy Volunteers |
| title_short | Correlation between Saliva Levels and Serum Levels of Free Uremic Toxins in Healthy Volunteers |
| title_sort | correlation between saliva levels and serum levels of free uremic toxins in healthy volunteers |
| topic | uremic toxins saliva indoxyl sulfate p-cresyl sulfate mass spectrometry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/15/2/150 |
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