Effect of Group Housing of Preweaned Dairy Calves: Health and Fecal Commensal Antimicrobial Resistance Outcomes
The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of group housing (three calves per group) on bovine respiratory disease (BRD), diarrhea and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to fecal commensal <i>Escherichia coli</i> (EC) and enterococci/streptococci (ES). Our study comprised t...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Antibiotics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/6/1019 |
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| author | Martin J. Breen Deniece R. Williams Essam M. Abdelfattah Betsy M. Karle Barbara A. Byrne Terry W. Lehenbauer Sharif S. Aly |
| author_facet | Martin J. Breen Deniece R. Williams Essam M. Abdelfattah Betsy M. Karle Barbara A. Byrne Terry W. Lehenbauer Sharif S. Aly |
| author_sort | Martin J. Breen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of group housing (three calves per group) on bovine respiratory disease (BRD), diarrhea and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to fecal commensal <i>Escherichia coli</i> (EC) and enterococci/streptococci (ES). Our study comprised two arms, one experimental and one observational. In the experimental arm, preweaned calves on a California dairy were randomized to either individual (IND; <i>n</i> = 21) or group (GRP; <i>n</i> = 21) housing, using a modified California-style wooden hutch. The study period lasted from birth to 56 days of age, during which calves were health scored daily. Cumulative incidence and hazard ratios were estimated for disease. Antimicrobial resistance outcomes were assessed using a prospective cohort design; feces were collected from each calf three times per week and EC and ES were evaluated for AMR using the broth microdilution method against a panel of 19 antimicrobial drugs (AMD). Analysis of treatment records was used to select calves that had been exposed (EXP) to an AMD-treated calf. In GRP, exposure occurred when a calf was a hutchmate with an AMD-treated calf. In IND, exposure occurred when a calf was a neighbor with an AMD-treated calf (TRT). Age-matched unexposed calves (UNEXP) were then selected for comparison. Proportions of AMR in fecal commensals among EXP, UNEXP, and TRT calves were compared between GRP and IND. Accelerated failure time survival regression models were specified to compare differences in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fecal commensals between EXP and UNEXP calves within each of GRP and IND calves separately. Group calves had a BRD hazard 1.94 times greater that of IND calves (<i>p</i> = 0.03), using BRD treatment records as the outcome. For AMR in EC isolates, higher resistance to enrofloxacin was detected in enrofloxacin-EXP GRP isolates compared with enrofloxacin-EXP IND isolates, and UNEXP GRP calves had lower resistance to ceftiofur compared with enrofloxacin-EXP and enrofloxacin-TRT calves. A significant housing-by-time interaction was detected for EC ceftiofur MIC in EXP GRP calves at 4–14 days post exposure to enrofloxacin (MIC EXP-UNEXP: µg/mL (95% CI): 10.62 (1.17, 20.07)), compared with UNEXP calves. The findings of this study show an increase in BRD hazard for group-housed calves and an increase in ceftiofur resistance in group-housed calves exposed to an enrofloxacin-treated calf. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:50:41Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6fff291a2e104b069dfd5b93c54a7df4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-6382 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T02:50:41Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Antibiotics |
| spelling | doaj.art-6fff291a2e104b069dfd5b93c54a7df42023-11-18T09:00:55ZengMDPI AGAntibiotics2079-63822023-06-01126101910.3390/antibiotics12061019Effect of Group Housing of Preweaned Dairy Calves: Health and Fecal Commensal Antimicrobial Resistance OutcomesMartin J. Breen0Deniece R. Williams1Essam M. Abdelfattah2Betsy M. Karle3Barbara A. Byrne4Terry W. Lehenbauer5Sharif S. Aly6Veterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USAVeterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USAVeterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USACooperative Extension, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California, Orland, CA 95963, USADepartment of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USAVeterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USAVeterinary Medicine Teaching and Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Tulare, CA 93274, USAThe objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of group housing (three calves per group) on bovine respiratory disease (BRD), diarrhea and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to fecal commensal <i>Escherichia coli</i> (EC) and enterococci/streptococci (ES). Our study comprised two arms, one experimental and one observational. In the experimental arm, preweaned calves on a California dairy were randomized to either individual (IND; <i>n</i> = 21) or group (GRP; <i>n</i> = 21) housing, using a modified California-style wooden hutch. The study period lasted from birth to 56 days of age, during which calves were health scored daily. Cumulative incidence and hazard ratios were estimated for disease. Antimicrobial resistance outcomes were assessed using a prospective cohort design; feces were collected from each calf three times per week and EC and ES were evaluated for AMR using the broth microdilution method against a panel of 19 antimicrobial drugs (AMD). Analysis of treatment records was used to select calves that had been exposed (EXP) to an AMD-treated calf. In GRP, exposure occurred when a calf was a hutchmate with an AMD-treated calf. In IND, exposure occurred when a calf was a neighbor with an AMD-treated calf (TRT). Age-matched unexposed calves (UNEXP) were then selected for comparison. Proportions of AMR in fecal commensals among EXP, UNEXP, and TRT calves were compared between GRP and IND. Accelerated failure time survival regression models were specified to compare differences in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fecal commensals between EXP and UNEXP calves within each of GRP and IND calves separately. Group calves had a BRD hazard 1.94 times greater that of IND calves (<i>p</i> = 0.03), using BRD treatment records as the outcome. For AMR in EC isolates, higher resistance to enrofloxacin was detected in enrofloxacin-EXP GRP isolates compared with enrofloxacin-EXP IND isolates, and UNEXP GRP calves had lower resistance to ceftiofur compared with enrofloxacin-EXP and enrofloxacin-TRT calves. A significant housing-by-time interaction was detected for EC ceftiofur MIC in EXP GRP calves at 4–14 days post exposure to enrofloxacin (MIC EXP-UNEXP: µg/mL (95% CI): 10.62 (1.17, 20.07)), compared with UNEXP calves. The findings of this study show an increase in BRD hazard for group-housed calves and an increase in ceftiofur resistance in group-housed calves exposed to an enrofloxacin-treated calf.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/6/1019group housingbovine respiratory diseaseantimicrobial resistancebroth microdilutionsurvival analysis |
| spellingShingle | Martin J. Breen Deniece R. Williams Essam M. Abdelfattah Betsy M. Karle Barbara A. Byrne Terry W. Lehenbauer Sharif S. Aly Effect of Group Housing of Preweaned Dairy Calves: Health and Fecal Commensal Antimicrobial Resistance Outcomes Antibiotics group housing bovine respiratory disease antimicrobial resistance broth microdilution survival analysis |
| title | Effect of Group Housing of Preweaned Dairy Calves: Health and Fecal Commensal Antimicrobial Resistance Outcomes |
| title_full | Effect of Group Housing of Preweaned Dairy Calves: Health and Fecal Commensal Antimicrobial Resistance Outcomes |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Group Housing of Preweaned Dairy Calves: Health and Fecal Commensal Antimicrobial Resistance Outcomes |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Group Housing of Preweaned Dairy Calves: Health and Fecal Commensal Antimicrobial Resistance Outcomes |
| title_short | Effect of Group Housing of Preweaned Dairy Calves: Health and Fecal Commensal Antimicrobial Resistance Outcomes |
| title_sort | effect of group housing of preweaned dairy calves health and fecal commensal antimicrobial resistance outcomes |
| topic | group housing bovine respiratory disease antimicrobial resistance broth microdilution survival analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6382/12/6/1019 |
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