Diabetic retinopathy awareness and associations with multiple comorbidities: Insights from DIAMOND Study
Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is leading cause of visual impairment in working-age adults. Macular edema can occur with or without other signs of retinopathy. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective study conducted over 2 years in patients (>40 years of age) having type 2 diabete...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications
2018-01-01
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| Series: | Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.ijem.in/article.asp?issn=2230-8210;year=2018;volume=22;issue=1;spage=30;epage=35;aulast=Shah |
| _version_ | 1828838160433414144 |
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| author | Kiran Shah Alka Gandhi Sundaram Natarajan |
| author_facet | Kiran Shah Alka Gandhi Sundaram Natarajan |
| author_sort | Kiran Shah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is leading cause of visual impairment in working-age adults. Macular edema can occur with or without other signs of retinopathy. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective study conducted over 2 years in patients (>40 years of age) having type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Outcome measures were to analyze awareness and prevalence of DR and association of DR with identified risk factors. Results: Overall 6000 T2DM patients over 2 years were retrospectively evaluated. Almost 63% (n = 3780) of patients were unaware that diabetes affects the retina. Almost 65% (n = 3894) of patients were reported to have DR. Total 78.98% of males, and 69.50% of females had DR. There was a significant increase in the incidence of DR with age (P < 0.00001). Almost 60.80% (n = 3653) of patients having DR were from working age group (40–70 years). Evidently, 42% (n = 2520) of patients having DR had HbA1c > 9% (P < 0.00001). Overall 52.02% (n = 1820) of smokers were reported of DR (P < 0.00001). With the increase in total cholesterol and triglycerides, there was a significant increase in DR incidence (P < 0.00001). A strong association was observed between hypertension and DR, with 42.6% (n = 2556) of patients having coexistence of hypertension and DR (P < 0.00001). Patients having diabetic kidney disease (DKD) also reported DR. A high proportion of patients (49.11%, n = 2947) had co-existence of cardiac morbidity and DR. Almost 47% (n = 2845) of patients having DR were also reported anemia. Totally 43.85% (n = 2631) of patients with microalbuminuria had two times more risk of developing proliferative DR (P < 0.00001). The statistical significance for the association of DR with risk factors, calculated by Pearson Chi-Square method of analysis was found statistically significant (P < 0.00001). Conclusion: The study reported the high prevalence and significantly high unawareness for DR in T2DM patients. All the risk factors are independently and significantly associated with DR (P < 0.00001). |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T18:56:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7034444c36bd44d5977b772aff8a4d68 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2230-8210 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T18:56:37Z |
| publishDate | 2018-01-01 |
| publisher | Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism |
| spelling | doaj.art-7034444c36bd44d5977b772aff8a4d682022-12-22T00:15:13ZengWolters Kluwer Medknow PublicationsIndian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism2230-82102018-01-01221303510.4103/ijem.IJEM_240_17Diabetic retinopathy awareness and associations with multiple comorbidities: Insights from DIAMOND StudyKiran ShahAlka GandhiSundaram NatarajanBackground: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is leading cause of visual impairment in working-age adults. Macular edema can occur with or without other signs of retinopathy. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective study conducted over 2 years in patients (>40 years of age) having type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Outcome measures were to analyze awareness and prevalence of DR and association of DR with identified risk factors. Results: Overall 6000 T2DM patients over 2 years were retrospectively evaluated. Almost 63% (n = 3780) of patients were unaware that diabetes affects the retina. Almost 65% (n = 3894) of patients were reported to have DR. Total 78.98% of males, and 69.50% of females had DR. There was a significant increase in the incidence of DR with age (P < 0.00001). Almost 60.80% (n = 3653) of patients having DR were from working age group (40–70 years). Evidently, 42% (n = 2520) of patients having DR had HbA1c > 9% (P < 0.00001). Overall 52.02% (n = 1820) of smokers were reported of DR (P < 0.00001). With the increase in total cholesterol and triglycerides, there was a significant increase in DR incidence (P < 0.00001). A strong association was observed between hypertension and DR, with 42.6% (n = 2556) of patients having coexistence of hypertension and DR (P < 0.00001). Patients having diabetic kidney disease (DKD) also reported DR. A high proportion of patients (49.11%, n = 2947) had co-existence of cardiac morbidity and DR. Almost 47% (n = 2845) of patients having DR were also reported anemia. Totally 43.85% (n = 2631) of patients with microalbuminuria had two times more risk of developing proliferative DR (P < 0.00001). The statistical significance for the association of DR with risk factors, calculated by Pearson Chi-Square method of analysis was found statistically significant (P < 0.00001). Conclusion: The study reported the high prevalence and significantly high unawareness for DR in T2DM patients. All the risk factors are independently and significantly associated with DR (P < 0.00001).http://www.ijem.in/article.asp?issn=2230-8210;year=2018;volume=22;issue=1;spage=30;epage=35;aulast=ShahDiabetic retinopathyIndianonproliferative diabetic retinopathyproliferative diabetic retinopathytype 2 diabetes mellitus |
| spellingShingle | Kiran Shah Alka Gandhi Sundaram Natarajan Diabetic retinopathy awareness and associations with multiple comorbidities: Insights from DIAMOND Study Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism Diabetic retinopathy India nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy proliferative diabetic retinopathy type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| title | Diabetic retinopathy awareness and associations with multiple comorbidities: Insights from DIAMOND Study |
| title_full | Diabetic retinopathy awareness and associations with multiple comorbidities: Insights from DIAMOND Study |
| title_fullStr | Diabetic retinopathy awareness and associations with multiple comorbidities: Insights from DIAMOND Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Diabetic retinopathy awareness and associations with multiple comorbidities: Insights from DIAMOND Study |
| title_short | Diabetic retinopathy awareness and associations with multiple comorbidities: Insights from DIAMOND Study |
| title_sort | diabetic retinopathy awareness and associations with multiple comorbidities insights from diamond study |
| topic | Diabetic retinopathy India nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy proliferative diabetic retinopathy type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| url | http://www.ijem.in/article.asp?issn=2230-8210;year=2018;volume=22;issue=1;spage=30;epage=35;aulast=Shah |
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