Site Index Modeling of Larch Using a Mixed-Effects Model across Regional Site Types in Northern China
As the dominant height of the stand at the baseline age, the site index is an important index to evaluate site quality. However, due to the variability of environmental factors, the growth process of the dominant height of the same tree species was variable in different regions which influenced the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Forests |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/5/815 |
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| author | Guangshuang Duan Xiangdong Lei Xiongqing Zhang Xianzhao Liu |
| author_facet | Guangshuang Duan Xiangdong Lei Xiongqing Zhang Xianzhao Liu |
| author_sort | Guangshuang Duan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | As the dominant height of the stand at the baseline age, the site index is an important index to evaluate site quality. However, due to the variability of environmental factors, the growth process of the dominant height of the same tree species was variable in different regions which influenced the estimation results of the site index. In this study, a methodology that established site index modeling of larch plantations with site types as a random effect in northern China was proposed. Based on 394 sample plots, nine common base models were developed, and the best model (M8) was selected (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.5773) as the base model. Moreover, elevation, aspect, and slope position were the main site factors influencing stand dominant height through the random forest method. Then, the three site factors and their combinations (site types) were selected as random effects and simulated by the nonlinear mixed-effects model based on the model M8. The R<sup>2</sup> values had raised from 0.5773 to 0.8678, and the model with combinations (94 kinds) of three site factors had the best performance (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8678). Considering the model accuracy and practical application, the 94 combinations were divided into three groups of site types (3, 5, and 8) by hierarchical clustering. Furthermore, a mixed-effects model considering the random effects of these three groups was established. All the three groups of site types got a better fitting effect (groups 3 <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8333, groups 5 <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8616, groups 8 <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8683), and a better predictive performance (groups 3 <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8157, groups 5 <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8464, groups 8 <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8479 for 20 percent of plots randomly selected per group in the calibration procedure) using the leave-one-out cross-validation approach. Therefore, groups 5 of site types had better applicability and estimation of forest productivity at the regional level and management plan design. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:52:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-705b5e61509e47d2855c4456ea762fb5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4907 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:52:14Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Forests |
| spelling | doaj.art-705b5e61509e47d2855c4456ea762fb52023-11-23T11:03:08ZengMDPI AGForests1999-49072022-05-0113581510.3390/f13050815Site Index Modeling of Larch Using a Mixed-Effects Model across Regional Site Types in Northern ChinaGuangshuang Duan0Xiangdong Lei1Xiongqing Zhang2Xianzhao Liu3Research Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, ChinaResearch Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, ChinaResearch Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, ChinaResearch Institute of Forest Resource Information Techniques, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, ChinaAs the dominant height of the stand at the baseline age, the site index is an important index to evaluate site quality. However, due to the variability of environmental factors, the growth process of the dominant height of the same tree species was variable in different regions which influenced the estimation results of the site index. In this study, a methodology that established site index modeling of larch plantations with site types as a random effect in northern China was proposed. Based on 394 sample plots, nine common base models were developed, and the best model (M8) was selected (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.5773) as the base model. Moreover, elevation, aspect, and slope position were the main site factors influencing stand dominant height through the random forest method. Then, the three site factors and their combinations (site types) were selected as random effects and simulated by the nonlinear mixed-effects model based on the model M8. The R<sup>2</sup> values had raised from 0.5773 to 0.8678, and the model with combinations (94 kinds) of three site factors had the best performance (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8678). Considering the model accuracy and practical application, the 94 combinations were divided into three groups of site types (3, 5, and 8) by hierarchical clustering. Furthermore, a mixed-effects model considering the random effects of these three groups was established. All the three groups of site types got a better fitting effect (groups 3 <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8333, groups 5 <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8616, groups 8 <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8683), and a better predictive performance (groups 3 <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8157, groups 5 <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8464, groups 8 <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8479 for 20 percent of plots randomly selected per group in the calibration procedure) using the leave-one-out cross-validation approach. Therefore, groups 5 of site types had better applicability and estimation of forest productivity at the regional level and management plan design.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/5/815<i>Larix principis-rupprechtii</i>site effectsite typerandom forestnonlinear mixed model |
| spellingShingle | Guangshuang Duan Xiangdong Lei Xiongqing Zhang Xianzhao Liu Site Index Modeling of Larch Using a Mixed-Effects Model across Regional Site Types in Northern China Forests <i>Larix principis-rupprechtii</i> site effect site type random forest nonlinear mixed model |
| title | Site Index Modeling of Larch Using a Mixed-Effects Model across Regional Site Types in Northern China |
| title_full | Site Index Modeling of Larch Using a Mixed-Effects Model across Regional Site Types in Northern China |
| title_fullStr | Site Index Modeling of Larch Using a Mixed-Effects Model across Regional Site Types in Northern China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Site Index Modeling of Larch Using a Mixed-Effects Model across Regional Site Types in Northern China |
| title_short | Site Index Modeling of Larch Using a Mixed-Effects Model across Regional Site Types in Northern China |
| title_sort | site index modeling of larch using a mixed effects model across regional site types in northern china |
| topic | <i>Larix principis-rupprechtii</i> site effect site type random forest nonlinear mixed model |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4907/13/5/815 |
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