Oral Fluids for the Early Detection of Classical Swine Fever in Commercial Level Pig Pens
The early detection of classical swine fever (CSF) remains a key challenge, especially when outbreaks are caused by moderate and low-virulent CSF virus (CSFV) strains. Oral fluid is a reliable and cost-effective sample type that is regularly surveilled for endemic diseases in commercial pig herds in...
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| Định dạng: | Bài viết |
| Ngôn ngữ: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Loạt: | Viruses |
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| Truy cập trực tuyến: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/3/318 |
| _version_ | 1827304787667845120 |
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| author | Erin Robert Kalhari Goonewardene Ian El Kanoa Orie Hochman Charles Nfon Aruna Ambagala |
| author_facet | Erin Robert Kalhari Goonewardene Ian El Kanoa Orie Hochman Charles Nfon Aruna Ambagala |
| author_sort | Erin Robert |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The early detection of classical swine fever (CSF) remains a key challenge, especially when outbreaks are caused by moderate and low-virulent CSF virus (CSFV) strains. Oral fluid is a reliable and cost-effective sample type that is regularly surveilled for endemic diseases in commercial pig herds in North America. Here, we explored the possibility of utilizing oral fluids for the early detection of CSFV incursions in commercial-size pig pens using two independent experiments. In the first experiment, a seeder pig infected with the moderately-virulent CSFV Pinillos strain was used, and in the second experiment, a seeder pig infected with the highly-virulent CSFV Koslov strain was used. Pen-based oral fluid samples were collected daily and individual samples (whole blood, swabs) every other day. All samples were tested by a CSFV-specific real-time RT-PCR assay. CSFV genomic material was detected in oral fluids on the seventh and fourth day post-introduction of the seeder pig into the pen, in the first and second experiments, respectively. In both experiments, oral fluids tested positive before the contact pigs developed viremia, and with no apparent sick pigs in the pen. These results indicate that pen-based oral fluids are a reliable and convenient sample type for the early detection of CSF, and therefore, can be used to supplement the ongoing CSF surveillance activities in North America. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:46:09Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-705f671d36ae44eba967622cbf073b67 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:46:09Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-705f671d36ae44eba967622cbf073b672024-03-27T14:07:32ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152024-02-0116331810.3390/v16030318Oral Fluids for the Early Detection of Classical Swine Fever in Commercial Level Pig PensErin Robert0Kalhari Goonewardene1Ian El Kanoa2Orie Hochman3Charles Nfon4Aruna Ambagala5Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, CanadaCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, CanadaCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, CanadaCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, CanadaCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, CanadaCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, CanadaThe early detection of classical swine fever (CSF) remains a key challenge, especially when outbreaks are caused by moderate and low-virulent CSF virus (CSFV) strains. Oral fluid is a reliable and cost-effective sample type that is regularly surveilled for endemic diseases in commercial pig herds in North America. Here, we explored the possibility of utilizing oral fluids for the early detection of CSFV incursions in commercial-size pig pens using two independent experiments. In the first experiment, a seeder pig infected with the moderately-virulent CSFV Pinillos strain was used, and in the second experiment, a seeder pig infected with the highly-virulent CSFV Koslov strain was used. Pen-based oral fluid samples were collected daily and individual samples (whole blood, swabs) every other day. All samples were tested by a CSFV-specific real-time RT-PCR assay. CSFV genomic material was detected in oral fluids on the seventh and fourth day post-introduction of the seeder pig into the pen, in the first and second experiments, respectively. In both experiments, oral fluids tested positive before the contact pigs developed viremia, and with no apparent sick pigs in the pen. These results indicate that pen-based oral fluids are a reliable and convenient sample type for the early detection of CSF, and therefore, can be used to supplement the ongoing CSF surveillance activities in North America.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/3/318classical swine feverCSForal fluidsaggregate sampleearly detectionmoderately virulent |
| spellingShingle | Erin Robert Kalhari Goonewardene Ian El Kanoa Orie Hochman Charles Nfon Aruna Ambagala Oral Fluids for the Early Detection of Classical Swine Fever in Commercial Level Pig Pens Viruses classical swine fever CSF oral fluids aggregate sample early detection moderately virulent |
| title | Oral Fluids for the Early Detection of Classical Swine Fever in Commercial Level Pig Pens |
| title_full | Oral Fluids for the Early Detection of Classical Swine Fever in Commercial Level Pig Pens |
| title_fullStr | Oral Fluids for the Early Detection of Classical Swine Fever in Commercial Level Pig Pens |
| title_full_unstemmed | Oral Fluids for the Early Detection of Classical Swine Fever in Commercial Level Pig Pens |
| title_short | Oral Fluids for the Early Detection of Classical Swine Fever in Commercial Level Pig Pens |
| title_sort | oral fluids for the early detection of classical swine fever in commercial level pig pens |
| topic | classical swine fever CSF oral fluids aggregate sample early detection moderately virulent |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/16/3/318 |
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