Genetics and Epigenetics: New Insight on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic complication of pregnancy, with a prevalence that has increased significantly in the last decade, coming to affect 12–18% of all pregnancies. GDM is believed to be the result of a combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental fa...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2020.602477/full |
| _version_ | 1819072737646215168 |
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| author | Maria Grazia Dalfrà Silvia Burlina Gloria Giovanna Del Vescovo Annunziata Lapolla |
| author_facet | Maria Grazia Dalfrà Silvia Burlina Gloria Giovanna Del Vescovo Annunziata Lapolla |
| author_sort | Maria Grazia Dalfrà |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic complication of pregnancy, with a prevalence that has increased significantly in the last decade, coming to affect 12–18% of all pregnancies. GDM is believed to be the result of a combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Following the identification of susceptibility genes for type 2 diabetes by means of genome-wide association studies, an association has also been demonstrated between some type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes and GDM, suggesting a partial similarity of the genetic architecture behind the two forms of diabetes. More recent genome-wide association studies, focusing on maternal metabolism during pregnancy, have demonstrated an overlap in the genes associated with metabolic traits in gravid and non-gravid populations, as well as in genes apparently unique to pregnancy. Epigenetic changes—such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNA gene silencing—have also been identified in GDM patients. Metabolomics has been used to profile the metabolic state of women during pregnancy, based on the measurement of numerous low-molecular-weight metabolites. Measuring amino acids and conventional metabolites has revealed changes in pregnant women with a higher insulin resistance and high blood glucose levels that resemble the changes seen in non-gravid, insulin-resistant populations. This would suggest similarities in the metabolic profiles typical of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia whether individuals are pregnant or not. Future studies combining data obtained using multiple technologies will enable an integrated systems biology approach to maternal metabolism during a pregnancy complicated by GDM. This review highlights the recent knowledge on the impact of genetics and epigenetics in the pathophysiology of GDM and the maternal and fetal complications associated with this pathology condition. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-21T17:42:29Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-70a5d708083e4b66b59c9d4222877629 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2392 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-21T17:42:29Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Endocrinology |
| spelling | doaj.art-70a5d708083e4b66b59c9d42228776292022-12-21T18:55:35ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Endocrinology1664-23922020-12-011110.3389/fendo.2020.602477602477Genetics and Epigenetics: New Insight on Gestational Diabetes MellitusMaria Grazia DalfràSilvia BurlinaGloria Giovanna Del VescovoAnnunziata LapollaGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic complication of pregnancy, with a prevalence that has increased significantly in the last decade, coming to affect 12–18% of all pregnancies. GDM is believed to be the result of a combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. Following the identification of susceptibility genes for type 2 diabetes by means of genome-wide association studies, an association has also been demonstrated between some type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes and GDM, suggesting a partial similarity of the genetic architecture behind the two forms of diabetes. More recent genome-wide association studies, focusing on maternal metabolism during pregnancy, have demonstrated an overlap in the genes associated with metabolic traits in gravid and non-gravid populations, as well as in genes apparently unique to pregnancy. Epigenetic changes—such as DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNA gene silencing—have also been identified in GDM patients. Metabolomics has been used to profile the metabolic state of women during pregnancy, based on the measurement of numerous low-molecular-weight metabolites. Measuring amino acids and conventional metabolites has revealed changes in pregnant women with a higher insulin resistance and high blood glucose levels that resemble the changes seen in non-gravid, insulin-resistant populations. This would suggest similarities in the metabolic profiles typical of insulin resistance and hyperglycemia whether individuals are pregnant or not. Future studies combining data obtained using multiple technologies will enable an integrated systems biology approach to maternal metabolism during a pregnancy complicated by GDM. This review highlights the recent knowledge on the impact of genetics and epigenetics in the pathophysiology of GDM and the maternal and fetal complications associated with this pathology condition.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2020.602477/fullobesitygeneticepigeneticgestational diabetesmass spectrometrynutrition |
| spellingShingle | Maria Grazia Dalfrà Silvia Burlina Gloria Giovanna Del Vescovo Annunziata Lapolla Genetics and Epigenetics: New Insight on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Frontiers in Endocrinology obesity genetic epigenetic gestational diabetes mass spectrometry nutrition |
| title | Genetics and Epigenetics: New Insight on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_full | Genetics and Epigenetics: New Insight on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_fullStr | Genetics and Epigenetics: New Insight on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_full_unstemmed | Genetics and Epigenetics: New Insight on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_short | Genetics and Epigenetics: New Insight on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus |
| title_sort | genetics and epigenetics new insight on gestational diabetes mellitus |
| topic | obesity genetic epigenetic gestational diabetes mass spectrometry nutrition |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fendo.2020.602477/full |
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