Temporal trends of sex differences for COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, severe disease, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death: a meta-analysis of 229 studies covering over 10M patients [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]
Background: This review aims to investigate the association of sex with the risk of multiple COVID-19 health outcomes, ranging from infection to death. Methods: Pubmed and Embase were searched through September 2020. We considered studies reporting sex and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcome...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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F1000 Research Ltd
2022-01-01
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| Series: | F1000Research |
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| Online Access: | https://f1000research.com/articles/11-5/v1 |
| _version_ | 1818232412234055680 |
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| author | Maurice P. Zeegers Anke Richters Stevie Hendriks Gregor H.L. Franssen Saurabh Zalpuri Evan Yi-Wen Yu Shahab Jolani Bart G. Pijls Janna I.R. Dijkstra Anique Atherley |
| author_facet | Maurice P. Zeegers Anke Richters Stevie Hendriks Gregor H.L. Franssen Saurabh Zalpuri Evan Yi-Wen Yu Shahab Jolani Bart G. Pijls Janna I.R. Dijkstra Anique Atherley |
| author_sort | Maurice P. Zeegers |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: This review aims to investigate the association of sex with the risk of multiple COVID-19 health outcomes, ranging from infection to death. Methods: Pubmed and Embase were searched through September 2020. We considered studies reporting sex and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. Qualitative and quantitative data were extracted using standardised electronic data extraction forms with the assessment of Newcastle Ottawa Scale for risk of bias. Pooled trends in infection, hospitalization, severity, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death rate were calculated separately for men and women and subsequently random-effects meta-analyses on relative risks (RR) for sex was performed. Results: Of 10,160 titles, 229 studies comprising 10,417,452 patients were included in the analyses. Methodological quality of the included studies was high (6.9 out of 9). Men had a higher risk for infection with COVID-19 than women (RR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.07 to 1.21). When infected, they also had a higher risk for hospitalization (RR = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.27 to 1.41), higher risk for severe COVID-19 (RR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.17 to 1.27), higher need for Intensive Care (RR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.28 to 1.55), and higher risk of death (RR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.28 to 1.43). Within the period studied, the RR for infection and severity increased for men compared to women, while the RR for mortality decreased for men compared to women. Conclusions: Meta-analyses on 229 studies comprising over 10 million patients showed that men have a higher risk for COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, disease severity, ICU admission and death. The relative risks of infection, disease severity and death for men versus women showed temporal trends with lower relative risks for infection and severity of disease and higher relative risk for death at the beginning of the pandemic compared to the end of our inclusion period. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020180085 (20/04/2020) |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T11:05:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-70b6a33b92e04fa2aba7983b9f7c2106 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2046-1402 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T11:05:52Z |
| publishDate | 2022-01-01 |
| publisher | F1000 Research Ltd |
| record_format | Article |
| series | F1000Research |
| spelling | doaj.art-70b6a33b92e04fa2aba7983b9f7c21062022-12-22T00:26:25ZengF1000 Research LtdF1000Research2046-14022022-01-011178420Temporal trends of sex differences for COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, severe disease, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death: a meta-analysis of 229 studies covering over 10M patients [version 1; peer review: 2 approved]Maurice P. Zeegers0Anke Richters1Stevie Hendriks2Gregor H.L. Franssen3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2347-5095Saurabh Zalpuri4Evan Yi-Wen Yu5https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7825-5087Shahab Jolani6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8508-0702Bart G. Pijls7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5351-5057Janna I.R. Dijkstra8Anique Atherley9Department of Epidemiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Research and Development, The Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, The NetherlandsSchool of Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The NetherlandsMaastricht University Library, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The NetherlandsReal World Evidence, UCBPharma, Breda, The NetherlandsDepartment of Complex Genetics and Epidemiology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The NetherlandsDepartment of Methodology and Statistics, Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The NetherlandsOrthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The NetherlandsVrije Universiteit Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The NetherlandsSchool of Health Professions Education, Department of Educational Research and Development, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The NetherlandsBackground: This review aims to investigate the association of sex with the risk of multiple COVID-19 health outcomes, ranging from infection to death. Methods: Pubmed and Embase were searched through September 2020. We considered studies reporting sex and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outcomes. Qualitative and quantitative data were extracted using standardised electronic data extraction forms with the assessment of Newcastle Ottawa Scale for risk of bias. Pooled trends in infection, hospitalization, severity, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death rate were calculated separately for men and women and subsequently random-effects meta-analyses on relative risks (RR) for sex was performed. Results: Of 10,160 titles, 229 studies comprising 10,417,452 patients were included in the analyses. Methodological quality of the included studies was high (6.9 out of 9). Men had a higher risk for infection with COVID-19 than women (RR = 1.14, 95%CI: 1.07 to 1.21). When infected, they also had a higher risk for hospitalization (RR = 1.33, 95%CI: 1.27 to 1.41), higher risk for severe COVID-19 (RR = 1.22, 95%CI: 1.17 to 1.27), higher need for Intensive Care (RR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.28 to 1.55), and higher risk of death (RR = 1.35, 95%CI: 1.28 to 1.43). Within the period studied, the RR for infection and severity increased for men compared to women, while the RR for mortality decreased for men compared to women. Conclusions: Meta-analyses on 229 studies comprising over 10 million patients showed that men have a higher risk for COVID-19 infection, hospitalization, disease severity, ICU admission and death. The relative risks of infection, disease severity and death for men versus women showed temporal trends with lower relative risks for infection and severity of disease and higher relative risk for death at the beginning of the pandemic compared to the end of our inclusion period. PROSPERO registration: CRD42020180085 (20/04/2020)https://f1000research.com/articles/11-5/v1COVID-19 sex-differences male femal mortality ICU admissioneng |
| spellingShingle | Maurice P. Zeegers Anke Richters Stevie Hendriks Gregor H.L. Franssen Saurabh Zalpuri Evan Yi-Wen Yu Shahab Jolani Bart G. Pijls Janna I.R. Dijkstra Anique Atherley Temporal trends of sex differences for COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, severe disease, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death: a meta-analysis of 229 studies covering over 10M patients [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] F1000Research COVID-19 sex-differences male femal mortality ICU admission eng |
| title | Temporal trends of sex differences for COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, severe disease, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death: a meta-analysis of 229 studies covering over 10M patients [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] |
| title_full | Temporal trends of sex differences for COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, severe disease, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death: a meta-analysis of 229 studies covering over 10M patients [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] |
| title_fullStr | Temporal trends of sex differences for COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, severe disease, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death: a meta-analysis of 229 studies covering over 10M patients [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Temporal trends of sex differences for COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, severe disease, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death: a meta-analysis of 229 studies covering over 10M patients [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] |
| title_short | Temporal trends of sex differences for COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, severe disease, intensive care unit (ICU) admission and death: a meta-analysis of 229 studies covering over 10M patients [version 1; peer review: 2 approved] |
| title_sort | temporal trends of sex differences for covid 19 infection hospitalisation severe disease intensive care unit icu admission and death a meta analysis of 229 studies covering over 10m patients version 1 peer review 2 approved |
| topic | COVID-19 sex-differences male femal mortality ICU admission eng |
| url | https://f1000research.com/articles/11-5/v1 |
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