Biomass-Derived Plant Extracts in Macromolecular Chitosan Matrices as a Green Coating for PLA Films
Due to the growing problem of food and packaging waste, environmental awareness, and customer requirements for food safety, there is a great need for the development of innovative and functional packaging. Among these developments, the concept of active packaging is at the forefront. The shortcoming...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-11-01
|
| Series: | Journal of Functional Biomaterials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/13/4/228 |
| _version_ | 1827638328493604864 |
|---|---|
| author | Lidija Fras Zemljič Tjaša Kraševac Glaser Olivija Plohl Ivan Anžel Vida Šimat Martina Čagalj Eva Mežnar Valentina Malin Meta Sterniša Sonja Smole Možina |
| author_facet | Lidija Fras Zemljič Tjaša Kraševac Glaser Olivija Plohl Ivan Anžel Vida Šimat Martina Čagalj Eva Mežnar Valentina Malin Meta Sterniša Sonja Smole Možina |
| author_sort | Lidija Fras Zemljič |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Due to the growing problem of food and packaging waste, environmental awareness, and customer requirements for food safety, there is a great need for the development of innovative and functional packaging. Among these developments, the concept of active packaging is at the forefront. The shortcoming in this area is that there is still a lack of multifunctional concepts, as well as green approaches. Therefore, this work focuses on the development of active chemical substances of natural origin applied as a coating on polylactic acid (PLA) films. Biopolymer chitosan and plant extracts rich in phenolic compounds (blackberry leaves—Rubus fruticosus, needles of prickly juniper—Juniperus oxycedrus) obtained from plant biomass from Southeastern Europe were selected in this work. In order to increase the effectiveness of individual substances and to introduce multifunctionality, they were combined in the form of different colloidal structural formulations. The plant extracts were embedded in chitosan biopolymer particles and dispersed in a macromolecular chitosan solution. In addition, a two-layer coating, the first of a macromolecular chitosan solution, and the second of a dispersion of the embedded extracts in chitosan particles, was applied to the PLA films as a novel approach. The success of the coatings was monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and the wettability was evaluated by contact angle measurements. Scanning electron microscopy SEM tracked the morphology and homogeneity of the coating. Antioxidation was studied by DPPH and ABTS spectrophotometric tests, and microbiological analysis of the films was performed according to the ISO 22196 Standard. Desorption of the coating from the PLA was monitored by reducing the elemental composition of the films themselves. The successful functionalization of PLA was demonstrated, while the XPS and ATR-FTIR analyses clearly showed the peaks of elemental composition of the extracts and chitosan on the PLA surface. Moreover, in all cases, the contact angle of the bilayer coatings decreased by more than 35–60% and contributed to the anti-fogging properties. The desorption experiments, due to decrease in the concentration of the specific typical element (nitrogen), indicated some migration of substances from the PLA’s surface. The newly developed films also exhibited antioxidant properties, with antioxidant ABTS efficiencies ranging from 83.5 to 100% and a quite high inhibition of Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> bacteria, averaging over 95%. The current functionalization of PLA simultaneously confers antifogging, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties and drives the development of a biodegradable and environmentally friendly composite material using green chemistry principles. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:15:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-70cab6fe8cec4e7c9d020334fd67da2c |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2079-4983 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:15:50Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Functional Biomaterials |
| spelling | doaj.art-70cab6fe8cec4e7c9d020334fd67da2c2023-11-24T15:49:50ZengMDPI AGJournal of Functional Biomaterials2079-49832022-11-0113422810.3390/jfb13040228Biomass-Derived Plant Extracts in Macromolecular Chitosan Matrices as a Green Coating for PLA FilmsLidija Fras Zemljič0Tjaša Kraševac Glaser1Olivija Plohl2Ivan Anžel3Vida Šimat4Martina Čagalj5Eva Mežnar6Valentina Malin7Meta Sterniša8Sonja Smole Možina9Laboratory for Characterization and Processing of Polymers, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaLaboratory for Characterization and Processing of Polymers, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaLaboratory for Characterization and Processing of Polymers, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaMaterials Transformation Laboratory, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaUniversity Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 37, 21000 Split, CroatiaUniversity Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 37, 21000 Split, CroatiaDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, SloveniaDue to the growing problem of food and packaging waste, environmental awareness, and customer requirements for food safety, there is a great need for the development of innovative and functional packaging. Among these developments, the concept of active packaging is at the forefront. The shortcoming in this area is that there is still a lack of multifunctional concepts, as well as green approaches. Therefore, this work focuses on the development of active chemical substances of natural origin applied as a coating on polylactic acid (PLA) films. Biopolymer chitosan and plant extracts rich in phenolic compounds (blackberry leaves—Rubus fruticosus, needles of prickly juniper—Juniperus oxycedrus) obtained from plant biomass from Southeastern Europe were selected in this work. In order to increase the effectiveness of individual substances and to introduce multifunctionality, they were combined in the form of different colloidal structural formulations. The plant extracts were embedded in chitosan biopolymer particles and dispersed in a macromolecular chitosan solution. In addition, a two-layer coating, the first of a macromolecular chitosan solution, and the second of a dispersion of the embedded extracts in chitosan particles, was applied to the PLA films as a novel approach. The success of the coatings was monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and the wettability was evaluated by contact angle measurements. Scanning electron microscopy SEM tracked the morphology and homogeneity of the coating. Antioxidation was studied by DPPH and ABTS spectrophotometric tests, and microbiological analysis of the films was performed according to the ISO 22196 Standard. Desorption of the coating from the PLA was monitored by reducing the elemental composition of the films themselves. The successful functionalization of PLA was demonstrated, while the XPS and ATR-FTIR analyses clearly showed the peaks of elemental composition of the extracts and chitosan on the PLA surface. Moreover, in all cases, the contact angle of the bilayer coatings decreased by more than 35–60% and contributed to the anti-fogging properties. The desorption experiments, due to decrease in the concentration of the specific typical element (nitrogen), indicated some migration of substances from the PLA’s surface. The newly developed films also exhibited antioxidant properties, with antioxidant ABTS efficiencies ranging from 83.5 to 100% and a quite high inhibition of Gram-positive <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> bacteria, averaging over 95%. The current functionalization of PLA simultaneously confers antifogging, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties and drives the development of a biodegradable and environmentally friendly composite material using green chemistry principles.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/13/4/228PLApackagingactivebiomasschitosanextracts |
| spellingShingle | Lidija Fras Zemljič Tjaša Kraševac Glaser Olivija Plohl Ivan Anžel Vida Šimat Martina Čagalj Eva Mežnar Valentina Malin Meta Sterniša Sonja Smole Možina Biomass-Derived Plant Extracts in Macromolecular Chitosan Matrices as a Green Coating for PLA Films Journal of Functional Biomaterials PLA packaging active biomass chitosan extracts |
| title | Biomass-Derived Plant Extracts in Macromolecular Chitosan Matrices as a Green Coating for PLA Films |
| title_full | Biomass-Derived Plant Extracts in Macromolecular Chitosan Matrices as a Green Coating for PLA Films |
| title_fullStr | Biomass-Derived Plant Extracts in Macromolecular Chitosan Matrices as a Green Coating for PLA Films |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biomass-Derived Plant Extracts in Macromolecular Chitosan Matrices as a Green Coating for PLA Films |
| title_short | Biomass-Derived Plant Extracts in Macromolecular Chitosan Matrices as a Green Coating for PLA Films |
| title_sort | biomass derived plant extracts in macromolecular chitosan matrices as a green coating for pla films |
| topic | PLA packaging active biomass chitosan extracts |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4983/13/4/228 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lidijafraszemljic biomassderivedplantextractsinmacromolecularchitosanmatricesasagreencoatingforplafilms AT tjasakrasevacglaser biomassderivedplantextractsinmacromolecularchitosanmatricesasagreencoatingforplafilms AT olivijaplohl biomassderivedplantextractsinmacromolecularchitosanmatricesasagreencoatingforplafilms AT ivananzel biomassderivedplantextractsinmacromolecularchitosanmatricesasagreencoatingforplafilms AT vidasimat biomassderivedplantextractsinmacromolecularchitosanmatricesasagreencoatingforplafilms AT martinacagalj biomassderivedplantextractsinmacromolecularchitosanmatricesasagreencoatingforplafilms AT evameznar biomassderivedplantextractsinmacromolecularchitosanmatricesasagreencoatingforplafilms AT valentinamalin biomassderivedplantextractsinmacromolecularchitosanmatricesasagreencoatingforplafilms AT metasternisa biomassderivedplantextractsinmacromolecularchitosanmatricesasagreencoatingforplafilms AT sonjasmolemozina biomassderivedplantextractsinmacromolecularchitosanmatricesasagreencoatingforplafilms |