Altered motivation states for physical activity and ‘appetite’ for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight loss
Weight loss is a major motive for engaging in exercise, despite substantial evidence that exercise training results in compensatory responses that inhibit significant weight loss. According to the Laws of Thermodynamics and the CICO (Calories in, Calories out) model, increased exercise-induced energ...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Psychology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1098394/full |
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| author | Kyle D. Flack Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen Seth A. Creasy Seth A. Creasy Saumya Khullar Daniel Boullosa Daniel Boullosa Daniel Boullosa Victoria A. Catenacci Victoria A. Catenacci Neil King |
| author_facet | Kyle D. Flack Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen Seth A. Creasy Seth A. Creasy Saumya Khullar Daniel Boullosa Daniel Boullosa Daniel Boullosa Victoria A. Catenacci Victoria A. Catenacci Neil King |
| author_sort | Kyle D. Flack |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Weight loss is a major motive for engaging in exercise, despite substantial evidence that exercise training results in compensatory responses that inhibit significant weight loss. According to the Laws of Thermodynamics and the CICO (Calories in, Calories out) model, increased exercise-induced energy expenditure (EE), in the absence of any compensatory increase in energy intake, should result in an energy deficit leading to reductions of body mass. However, the expected negative energy balance is met with both volitional and non-volitional (metabolic and behavioral) compensatory responses. A commonly reported compensatory response to exercise is increased food intake (i.e., Calories in) due to increased hunger, increased desire for certain foods, and/or changes in health beliefs. On the other side of the CICO model, exercise training can instigate compensatory reductions in EE that resist the maintenance of an energy deficit. This may be due to decreases in non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), increases in sedentary behavior, or alterations in sleep. Related to this EE compensation, the motivational states associated with the desire to be active tend to be overlooked when considering compensatory changes in non-exercise activity. For example, exercise-induced alterations in the wanting of physical activity could be a mechanism promoting compensatory reductions in EE. Thus, one’s desires, urges or cravings for movement–also known as “motivation states” or “appetence for activity”-are thought to be proximal instigators of movement. Motivation states for activity may be influenced by genetic, metabolic, and psychological drives for activity (and inactivity), and such states are susceptible to fatigue-or reward-induced responses, which may account for reductions in NEAT in response to exercise training. Further, although the current data are limited, recent investigations have demonstrated that motivation states for physical activity are dampened by exercise and increase after periods of sedentarism. Collectively, this evidence points to additional compensatory mechanisms, associated with motivational states, by which impositions in exercise-induced changes in energy balance may be met with resistance, thus resulting in attenuated weight loss. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T15:26:59Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-70cd778f2f644d08841050686d47e1f8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-1078 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T15:26:59Z |
| publishDate | 2023-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Psychology |
| spelling | doaj.art-70cd778f2f644d08841050686d47e1f82023-04-28T12:37:51ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Psychology1664-10782023-04-011410.3389/fpsyg.2023.10983941098394Altered motivation states for physical activity and ‘appetite’ for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight lossKyle D. Flack0Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen1Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen2Seth A. Creasy3Seth A. Creasy4Saumya Khullar5Daniel Boullosa6Daniel Boullosa7Daniel Boullosa8Victoria A. Catenacci9Victoria A. Catenacci10Neil King11Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United StatesDivision of Digestive Health, Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United StatesDepartment of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United StatesDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United StatesAnschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United StatesSchool of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, United KingdomFaculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, SpainCollege of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, AustraliaGraduate Program in Movement Sciences, Integrated Institute of Health, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, BrazilDivision of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United StatesAnschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States0School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaWeight loss is a major motive for engaging in exercise, despite substantial evidence that exercise training results in compensatory responses that inhibit significant weight loss. According to the Laws of Thermodynamics and the CICO (Calories in, Calories out) model, increased exercise-induced energy expenditure (EE), in the absence of any compensatory increase in energy intake, should result in an energy deficit leading to reductions of body mass. However, the expected negative energy balance is met with both volitional and non-volitional (metabolic and behavioral) compensatory responses. A commonly reported compensatory response to exercise is increased food intake (i.e., Calories in) due to increased hunger, increased desire for certain foods, and/or changes in health beliefs. On the other side of the CICO model, exercise training can instigate compensatory reductions in EE that resist the maintenance of an energy deficit. This may be due to decreases in non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), increases in sedentary behavior, or alterations in sleep. Related to this EE compensation, the motivational states associated with the desire to be active tend to be overlooked when considering compensatory changes in non-exercise activity. For example, exercise-induced alterations in the wanting of physical activity could be a mechanism promoting compensatory reductions in EE. Thus, one’s desires, urges or cravings for movement–also known as “motivation states” or “appetence for activity”-are thought to be proximal instigators of movement. Motivation states for activity may be influenced by genetic, metabolic, and psychological drives for activity (and inactivity), and such states are susceptible to fatigue-or reward-induced responses, which may account for reductions in NEAT in response to exercise training. Further, although the current data are limited, recent investigations have demonstrated that motivation states for physical activity are dampened by exercise and increase after periods of sedentarism. Collectively, this evidence points to additional compensatory mechanisms, associated with motivational states, by which impositions in exercise-induced changes in energy balance may be met with resistance, thus resulting in attenuated weight loss.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1098394/fullexercise compensationexercisephysical activitynonexercise activity thermogenesismotivationaffectively charged motivation states |
| spellingShingle | Kyle D. Flack Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen Seth A. Creasy Seth A. Creasy Saumya Khullar Daniel Boullosa Daniel Boullosa Daniel Boullosa Victoria A. Catenacci Victoria A. Catenacci Neil King Altered motivation states for physical activity and ‘appetite’ for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight loss Frontiers in Psychology exercise compensation exercise physical activity nonexercise activity thermogenesis motivation affectively charged motivation states |
| title | Altered motivation states for physical activity and ‘appetite’ for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight loss |
| title_full | Altered motivation states for physical activity and ‘appetite’ for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight loss |
| title_fullStr | Altered motivation states for physical activity and ‘appetite’ for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight loss |
| title_full_unstemmed | Altered motivation states for physical activity and ‘appetite’ for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight loss |
| title_short | Altered motivation states for physical activity and ‘appetite’ for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight loss |
| title_sort | altered motivation states for physical activity and appetite for movement as compensatory mechanisms limiting the efficacy of exercise training for weight loss |
| topic | exercise compensation exercise physical activity nonexercise activity thermogenesis motivation affectively charged motivation states |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1098394/full |
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