Characteristics of Air Pollutant Distribution and Sources in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in Spring Based on Multiple Observation Methods
The composition of marine aerosol is quite complex, and its sources are diverse. Across the East China Sea (ECS) and the Yellow Sea (YS), multi-dimensional analysis of marine aerosols was conducted. The characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols and gaseous pollutants were explored through in situ shi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-06-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/13/3262 |
| _version_ | 1827734564521377792 |
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| author | Yucheng Wang Guojie Xu Liqi Chen Kui Chen |
| author_facet | Yucheng Wang Guojie Xu Liqi Chen Kui Chen |
| author_sort | Yucheng Wang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The composition of marine aerosol is quite complex, and its sources are diverse. Across the East China Sea (ECS) and the Yellow Sea (YS), multi-dimensional analysis of marine aerosols was conducted. The characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols and gaseous pollutants were explored through in situ ship-based observation, MERRA-2 reanalysis datasets and TROPOMI data from Sentinel-5P satellite. Black carbon (BC)’s average concentration is 1.35 ± 0.78 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, with high-value BC observed during the cruise. Through HYSPLIT trajectory analysis, sources of BC were from the northern Eurasian continent, the Shandong Peninsula, the ECS and Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO). The transport of marine sources like ship emissions cannot be ignored. According to the absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE), BC originates from biomass burning (BB) in the shortwave band (~370 nm) and from fossil fuel combustion in the longwave band (~660 nm). Organic carbon (OC), sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) and BC report higher Angstrom exponent (AE) while dust and sea salt reveal lower AE, which can be utilized to classify the aerosols as being fine- or coarse-mode, respectively. OC has the highest AE (ECS: 1.98, YS: 2.01), indicating that anthropogenic activities could be a significant source. The process of biomass burning aerosol (BBA) mixed with sea salt could contribute to the decline in BBA’s AE. Ship emissions may affect the distribution of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) in the ECS, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> over the YS has the highest value (up to 12 × 10<sup>15</sup> molec/cm<sup>2</sup>). Stratospheric NO<sub>2</sub> has a ladder-like distribution from north to south, and the variation gradient was lower than that in the troposphere. Carbon monoxide (CO) accumulates in the south and east of the ECS and the east of the YS, while the variation over the eastern YS is relatively frequent. Seas near the Korean Peninsula have extremely high CO concentration (up to 1.35 × 10<sup>17</sup> molec/cm<sup>2</sup>). |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:30:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-70d0a3904f2746888c164487af15ff04 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:30:21Z |
| publishDate | 2023-06-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-70d0a3904f2746888c164487af15ff042023-11-18T17:23:45ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922023-06-011513326210.3390/rs15133262Characteristics of Air Pollutant Distribution and Sources in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in Spring Based on Multiple Observation MethodsYucheng Wang0Guojie Xu1Liqi Chen2Kui Chen3Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaKey Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaPolar and Marine Research Institute, College of Harbor and Coastal Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, ChinaEmergency Management School, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, ChinaThe composition of marine aerosol is quite complex, and its sources are diverse. Across the East China Sea (ECS) and the Yellow Sea (YS), multi-dimensional analysis of marine aerosols was conducted. The characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols and gaseous pollutants were explored through in situ ship-based observation, MERRA-2 reanalysis datasets and TROPOMI data from Sentinel-5P satellite. Black carbon (BC)’s average concentration is 1.35 ± 0.78 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, with high-value BC observed during the cruise. Through HYSPLIT trajectory analysis, sources of BC were from the northern Eurasian continent, the Shandong Peninsula, the ECS and Northwest Pacific Ocean (NWPO). The transport of marine sources like ship emissions cannot be ignored. According to the absorption Angstrom exponent (AAE), BC originates from biomass burning (BB) in the shortwave band (~370 nm) and from fossil fuel combustion in the longwave band (~660 nm). Organic carbon (OC), sulfate (SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>) and BC report higher Angstrom exponent (AE) while dust and sea salt reveal lower AE, which can be utilized to classify the aerosols as being fine- or coarse-mode, respectively. OC has the highest AE (ECS: 1.98, YS: 2.01), indicating that anthropogenic activities could be a significant source. The process of biomass burning aerosol (BBA) mixed with sea salt could contribute to the decline in BBA’s AE. Ship emissions may affect the distribution of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2</sub>) in the ECS, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> over the YS has the highest value (up to 12 × 10<sup>15</sup> molec/cm<sup>2</sup>). Stratospheric NO<sub>2</sub> has a ladder-like distribution from north to south, and the variation gradient was lower than that in the troposphere. Carbon monoxide (CO) accumulates in the south and east of the ECS and the east of the YS, while the variation over the eastern YS is relatively frequent. Seas near the Korean Peninsula have extremely high CO concentration (up to 1.35 × 10<sup>17</sup> molec/cm<sup>2</sup>).https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/13/3262East China SeaYellow Seablack carbonTROPOMIMERRA-2 |
| spellingShingle | Yucheng Wang Guojie Xu Liqi Chen Kui Chen Characteristics of Air Pollutant Distribution and Sources in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in Spring Based on Multiple Observation Methods Remote Sensing East China Sea Yellow Sea black carbon TROPOMI MERRA-2 |
| title | Characteristics of Air Pollutant Distribution and Sources in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in Spring Based on Multiple Observation Methods |
| title_full | Characteristics of Air Pollutant Distribution and Sources in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in Spring Based on Multiple Observation Methods |
| title_fullStr | Characteristics of Air Pollutant Distribution and Sources in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in Spring Based on Multiple Observation Methods |
| title_full_unstemmed | Characteristics of Air Pollutant Distribution and Sources in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in Spring Based on Multiple Observation Methods |
| title_short | Characteristics of Air Pollutant Distribution and Sources in the East China Sea and the Yellow Sea in Spring Based on Multiple Observation Methods |
| title_sort | characteristics of air pollutant distribution and sources in the east china sea and the yellow sea in spring based on multiple observation methods |
| topic | East China Sea Yellow Sea black carbon TROPOMI MERRA-2 |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/13/3262 |
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