Loneliness, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese adults during COVID-19: A cross-sectional online survey.
<h4>Objectives</h4>This study aims to investigate the potential factors associated with mental health outcomes among Chinese adults during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic.<h4>Methods</h4>This is an online cross-sectional survey conducted among Chinese adults...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2021-01-01
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| Series: | PLoS ONE |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259012 |
| _version_ | 1819005034291003392 |
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| author | Zijun Xu Dexing Zhang Dong Xu Xue Li Yao Jie Xie Wen Sun Eric Kam-Pui Lee Benjamin Hon-Kei Yip Shuiyuan Xiao Samuel Yueng-Shan Wong |
| author_facet | Zijun Xu Dexing Zhang Dong Xu Xue Li Yao Jie Xie Wen Sun Eric Kam-Pui Lee Benjamin Hon-Kei Yip Shuiyuan Xiao Samuel Yueng-Shan Wong |
| author_sort | Zijun Xu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <h4>Objectives</h4>This study aims to investigate the potential factors associated with mental health outcomes among Chinese adults during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic.<h4>Methods</h4>This is an online cross-sectional survey conducted among Chinese adults in February 2020. Outcome measurements included the three-item UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-3), two-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), two-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-2), and two items from the Clinician-Administered Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale. COVID-19 related factors, physical health, lifestyle, and self-efficacy were also measured. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed.<h4>Results</h4>This study included 1456 participants (age: 33.8±10.5 years; female: 59.1%). The prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, loneliness, and PTSD symptoms were 11.3%, 7.6%, 38.7%, and 33.9%, respectively. In multivariable analysis, loneliness was associated with being single, separated/divorced/widowed, low level of education, current location, medication, more somatic symptoms, lower self-efficacy, and going out frequently. Depression was associated with fear of infection, binge drinking, more somatic symptoms, lower self-efficacy, and longer screen time. Anxiety was associated with more somatic symptoms and lower self-efficacy. PTSD symptoms were associated with more somatic symptoms, lower self-efficacy, higher perceived risk of infection, fear of infection, and self-rated more negative influence due to the epidemic (p<0.05).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Mental health problems during the COVID-19 epidemic were associated with various biopsychosocial and COVID-19 related factors. Psychological interventions should be aware of these influencing factors and prioritize support for those people at higher risk. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T23:46:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-70db156e1bdd441d90751374df9889e4 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1932-6203 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T23:46:22Z |
| publishDate | 2021-01-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS ONE |
| spelling | doaj.art-70db156e1bdd441d90751374df9889e42022-12-21T19:22:57ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS ONE1932-62032021-01-011610e025901210.1371/journal.pone.0259012Loneliness, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese adults during COVID-19: A cross-sectional online survey.Zijun XuDexing ZhangDong XuXue LiYao Jie XieWen SunEric Kam-Pui LeeBenjamin Hon-Kei YipShuiyuan XiaoSamuel Yueng-Shan Wong<h4>Objectives</h4>This study aims to investigate the potential factors associated with mental health outcomes among Chinese adults during the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic.<h4>Methods</h4>This is an online cross-sectional survey conducted among Chinese adults in February 2020. Outcome measurements included the three-item UCLA Loneliness Scale (UCLA-3), two-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), two-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-2), and two items from the Clinician-Administered Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale. COVID-19 related factors, physical health, lifestyle, and self-efficacy were also measured. Univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed.<h4>Results</h4>This study included 1456 participants (age: 33.8±10.5 years; female: 59.1%). The prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, loneliness, and PTSD symptoms were 11.3%, 7.6%, 38.7%, and 33.9%, respectively. In multivariable analysis, loneliness was associated with being single, separated/divorced/widowed, low level of education, current location, medication, more somatic symptoms, lower self-efficacy, and going out frequently. Depression was associated with fear of infection, binge drinking, more somatic symptoms, lower self-efficacy, and longer screen time. Anxiety was associated with more somatic symptoms and lower self-efficacy. PTSD symptoms were associated with more somatic symptoms, lower self-efficacy, higher perceived risk of infection, fear of infection, and self-rated more negative influence due to the epidemic (p<0.05).<h4>Conclusions</h4>Mental health problems during the COVID-19 epidemic were associated with various biopsychosocial and COVID-19 related factors. Psychological interventions should be aware of these influencing factors and prioritize support for those people at higher risk.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259012 |
| spellingShingle | Zijun Xu Dexing Zhang Dong Xu Xue Li Yao Jie Xie Wen Sun Eric Kam-Pui Lee Benjamin Hon-Kei Yip Shuiyuan Xiao Samuel Yueng-Shan Wong Loneliness, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese adults during COVID-19: A cross-sectional online survey. PLoS ONE |
| title | Loneliness, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese adults during COVID-19: A cross-sectional online survey. |
| title_full | Loneliness, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese adults during COVID-19: A cross-sectional online survey. |
| title_fullStr | Loneliness, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese adults during COVID-19: A cross-sectional online survey. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Loneliness, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese adults during COVID-19: A cross-sectional online survey. |
| title_short | Loneliness, depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder among Chinese adults during COVID-19: A cross-sectional online survey. |
| title_sort | loneliness depression anxiety and post traumatic stress disorder among chinese adults during covid 19 a cross sectional online survey |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259012 |
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