Effect of Polishing on Lead and Cadmium Bioavailability in Rice and Its Health Implications
Rice polishing is an important approach to reducing the concentrations of heavy metals in rice, but knowledge of its effect on the Pb and Cd bioavailability in produced rice and the related health risk remains limited. In this study, the effects of rice polishing on the bioaccessibility (BAC) and bi...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/17/2718 |
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| author | Xianghua Chen Fangman Chen Shuo Sun Yingwen Li Yongxing Li Hui Mo Zhian Li Ping Zhuang |
| author_facet | Xianghua Chen Fangman Chen Shuo Sun Yingwen Li Yongxing Li Hui Mo Zhian Li Ping Zhuang |
| author_sort | Xianghua Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Rice polishing is an important approach to reducing the concentrations of heavy metals in rice, but knowledge of its effect on the Pb and Cd bioavailability in produced rice and the related health risk remains limited. In this study, the effects of rice polishing on the bioaccessibility (BAC) and bioavailability (RBA) of Pb and Cd in rice are assessed using an in vitro method and an in vivo mouse bioassay. The Pb removal rate in brown rice (40%), lightly processed brown rice (62%), germinated rice (74%), and polished rice (79%) gradually enhanced with an increase in the polishing degree, while Cd was difficult to remove by polishing. The Pb and Cd BAC in germinated rice was the highest, while that in brown rice was the lowest. The polished rice Pb and Cd RBA in the liver and kidneys were significantly higher than those in the brown rice group. The Pb RBA in the livers and kidneys in the polished rice group was 26.6% ± 1.68% and 65.3% ± 0.83%, respectively, which was 1.6- and 2.6-times higher than that in the brown rice group, respectively. The Cd RBA values in both the livers and kidneys of the polished rice group were 1.3-times higher than those in the brown rice group. Although polishing reduced the total Pb in the polished rice, it was not enough to offset the increase in bioavailability, and its consumption risk was not weakened. This study highlighted the value of the oral-bioavailability-corrected health risk assessment for assessing the influence of rice polishing on Pb and Cd exposure via rice consumption. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:48:12Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-70e4a9759ce94616829210099d9ffc5a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T01:48:12Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-70e4a9759ce94616829210099d9ffc5a2023-11-23T13:10:05ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582022-09-011117271810.3390/foods11172718Effect of Polishing on Lead and Cadmium Bioavailability in Rice and Its Health ImplicationsXianghua Chen0Fangman Chen1Shuo Sun2Yingwen Li3Yongxing Li4Hui Mo5Zhian Li6Ping Zhuang7South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, ChinaSouth China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, ChinaRice polishing is an important approach to reducing the concentrations of heavy metals in rice, but knowledge of its effect on the Pb and Cd bioavailability in produced rice and the related health risk remains limited. In this study, the effects of rice polishing on the bioaccessibility (BAC) and bioavailability (RBA) of Pb and Cd in rice are assessed using an in vitro method and an in vivo mouse bioassay. The Pb removal rate in brown rice (40%), lightly processed brown rice (62%), germinated rice (74%), and polished rice (79%) gradually enhanced with an increase in the polishing degree, while Cd was difficult to remove by polishing. The Pb and Cd BAC in germinated rice was the highest, while that in brown rice was the lowest. The polished rice Pb and Cd RBA in the liver and kidneys were significantly higher than those in the brown rice group. The Pb RBA in the livers and kidneys in the polished rice group was 26.6% ± 1.68% and 65.3% ± 0.83%, respectively, which was 1.6- and 2.6-times higher than that in the brown rice group, respectively. The Cd RBA values in both the livers and kidneys of the polished rice group were 1.3-times higher than those in the brown rice group. Although polishing reduced the total Pb in the polished rice, it was not enough to offset the increase in bioavailability, and its consumption risk was not weakened. This study highlighted the value of the oral-bioavailability-corrected health risk assessment for assessing the influence of rice polishing on Pb and Cd exposure via rice consumption.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/17/2718rice polishingleadcadmiumbioavailabilityrisk assessment |
| spellingShingle | Xianghua Chen Fangman Chen Shuo Sun Yingwen Li Yongxing Li Hui Mo Zhian Li Ping Zhuang Effect of Polishing on Lead and Cadmium Bioavailability in Rice and Its Health Implications Foods rice polishing lead cadmium bioavailability risk assessment |
| title | Effect of Polishing on Lead and Cadmium Bioavailability in Rice and Its Health Implications |
| title_full | Effect of Polishing on Lead and Cadmium Bioavailability in Rice and Its Health Implications |
| title_fullStr | Effect of Polishing on Lead and Cadmium Bioavailability in Rice and Its Health Implications |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of Polishing on Lead and Cadmium Bioavailability in Rice and Its Health Implications |
| title_short | Effect of Polishing on Lead and Cadmium Bioavailability in Rice and Its Health Implications |
| title_sort | effect of polishing on lead and cadmium bioavailability in rice and its health implications |
| topic | rice polishing lead cadmium bioavailability risk assessment |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/11/17/2718 |
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