Impact Analysis of H<sub>2</sub>O Fluxes and High-Frequency Meteorology–Water Quality: Multivariate Constrained Evaporation Modelling in Lake Wuliangsuhai, China
It is imperative to elucidate the process of evaporation in lakes, particularly those that are freshwater and are situated in middle and high latitudes. Based on one-year evaporation and high-frequency meteorological–water quality data of Lake Wuliangsuhai, this study analyzed the applicability and...
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MDPI AG
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/4/578 |
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| author | Yue Sun Xiaohong Shi Shengnan Zhao Guohua Li Biao Sun Jussi Huotari |
| author_facet | Yue Sun Xiaohong Shi Shengnan Zhao Guohua Li Biao Sun Jussi Huotari |
| author_sort | Yue Sun |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | It is imperative to elucidate the process of evaporation in lakes, particularly those that are freshwater and are situated in middle and high latitudes. Based on one-year evaporation and high-frequency meteorological–water quality data of Lake Wuliangsuhai, this study analyzed the applicability and driving mechanism of the evaporation model. These dynamics are elucidated by the vorticity covariance method combined with the multivariate constrained evaporation Modelling method. The findings of this study revealed that (1) Lake evaporation (ET) is affected by multiple meteorological–water quality constraints, and the water quality indicators significantly related to ET are also affected by lake stratification. The coupled meteorological–water quality evaporation model can explain 93% of the evaporation change, which is 20% higher than the traditional meteorological Modelling evaporation model. (2) The nighttime ET is mainly affected by the thermal inertia lag, and the nighttime ET loss in Lake Wuliangsuhai accounts for 37.34% of the total evaporation, which cannot be ignored. (3) The actual water surface evaporation of the lake is much smaller than that measured by the pan conversion method and the regional empirical C formula method. The cumulative evaporation of Lake Wuliangsuhai from the non-freezing period to the early glacial period converted from meteorological station data is 1333.5 mm. The total evaporation in the non-freezing period is 2.77~3.68 × 10<sup>8</sup> m<sup>3,</sup> calculated by the lake area of 325 km<sup>2</sup>, while the evaporation calculated by the eddy station is 1.91 × 10<sup>8</sup> m<sup>3</sup>. In addition, the ET value measured by the cumulative C formula method was 424.2% higher than that of the model method and exceeded the storage capacity. Low-frequency and limited environmental index observations may lead to an overestimation of the real lake evaporation. Therefore, in situ, high-frequency meteorological–water quality monitoring and the eddy method deserve more consideration in future research on lake evaporation. |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-07T22:10:12Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
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| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-70fae623211c4228912fb6e4d143f8572024-02-23T15:38:00ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412024-02-0116457810.3390/w16040578Impact Analysis of H<sub>2</sub>O Fluxes and High-Frequency Meteorology–Water Quality: Multivariate Constrained Evaporation Modelling in Lake Wuliangsuhai, ChinaYue Sun0Xiaohong Shi1Shengnan Zhao2Guohua Li3Biao Sun4Jussi Huotari5Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaWater Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaWater Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaWater Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaWater Conservancy and Civil Engineering College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, ChinaFaculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Lammi Biological Station, University of Helsinki, FI-16900 Lammi, FinlandIt is imperative to elucidate the process of evaporation in lakes, particularly those that are freshwater and are situated in middle and high latitudes. Based on one-year evaporation and high-frequency meteorological–water quality data of Lake Wuliangsuhai, this study analyzed the applicability and driving mechanism of the evaporation model. These dynamics are elucidated by the vorticity covariance method combined with the multivariate constrained evaporation Modelling method. The findings of this study revealed that (1) Lake evaporation (ET) is affected by multiple meteorological–water quality constraints, and the water quality indicators significantly related to ET are also affected by lake stratification. The coupled meteorological–water quality evaporation model can explain 93% of the evaporation change, which is 20% higher than the traditional meteorological Modelling evaporation model. (2) The nighttime ET is mainly affected by the thermal inertia lag, and the nighttime ET loss in Lake Wuliangsuhai accounts for 37.34% of the total evaporation, which cannot be ignored. (3) The actual water surface evaporation of the lake is much smaller than that measured by the pan conversion method and the regional empirical C formula method. The cumulative evaporation of Lake Wuliangsuhai from the non-freezing period to the early glacial period converted from meteorological station data is 1333.5 mm. The total evaporation in the non-freezing period is 2.77~3.68 × 10<sup>8</sup> m<sup>3,</sup> calculated by the lake area of 325 km<sup>2</sup>, while the evaporation calculated by the eddy station is 1.91 × 10<sup>8</sup> m<sup>3</sup>. In addition, the ET value measured by the cumulative C formula method was 424.2% higher than that of the model method and exceeded the storage capacity. Low-frequency and limited environmental index observations may lead to an overestimation of the real lake evaporation. Therefore, in situ, high-frequency meteorological–water quality monitoring and the eddy method deserve more consideration in future research on lake evaporation.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/4/578lake evaporationH<sub>2</sub>O fluxeddy covariancenight evaporationwater quality |
| spellingShingle | Yue Sun Xiaohong Shi Shengnan Zhao Guohua Li Biao Sun Jussi Huotari Impact Analysis of H<sub>2</sub>O Fluxes and High-Frequency Meteorology–Water Quality: Multivariate Constrained Evaporation Modelling in Lake Wuliangsuhai, China Water lake evaporation H<sub>2</sub>O flux eddy covariance night evaporation water quality |
| title | Impact Analysis of H<sub>2</sub>O Fluxes and High-Frequency Meteorology–Water Quality: Multivariate Constrained Evaporation Modelling in Lake Wuliangsuhai, China |
| title_full | Impact Analysis of H<sub>2</sub>O Fluxes and High-Frequency Meteorology–Water Quality: Multivariate Constrained Evaporation Modelling in Lake Wuliangsuhai, China |
| title_fullStr | Impact Analysis of H<sub>2</sub>O Fluxes and High-Frequency Meteorology–Water Quality: Multivariate Constrained Evaporation Modelling in Lake Wuliangsuhai, China |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact Analysis of H<sub>2</sub>O Fluxes and High-Frequency Meteorology–Water Quality: Multivariate Constrained Evaporation Modelling in Lake Wuliangsuhai, China |
| title_short | Impact Analysis of H<sub>2</sub>O Fluxes and High-Frequency Meteorology–Water Quality: Multivariate Constrained Evaporation Modelling in Lake Wuliangsuhai, China |
| title_sort | impact analysis of h sub 2 sub o fluxes and high frequency meteorology water quality multivariate constrained evaporation modelling in lake wuliangsuhai china |
| topic | lake evaporation H<sub>2</sub>O flux eddy covariance night evaporation water quality |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/16/4/578 |
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