Effect of formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio on combustion behavior of phenolic foam
The effects of the formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio (F/P) on the combustion behavior of phenolic foams were discussed. Phenolic foams have been prepared with different F/P of resole resin. FTIR, TG and SEM were used for assessment of the molecular structure, thermal stability, and cell structure o...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2022-07-01
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| Series: | Polymer Testing |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941822001507 |
| _version_ | 1818211548969041920 |
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| author | Kaihong Tang Xiaofeng He Guiqiu Xu Xiaojun Tang Tiejun Ge Ailing Zhang |
| author_facet | Kaihong Tang Xiaofeng He Guiqiu Xu Xiaojun Tang Tiejun Ge Ailing Zhang |
| author_sort | Kaihong Tang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The effects of the formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio (F/P) on the combustion behavior of phenolic foams were discussed. Phenolic foams have been prepared with different F/P of resole resin. FTIR, TG and SEM were used for assessment of the molecular structure, thermal stability, and cell structure of phenolic foam (PF) analysis, respectively. It was found that the higher the F/P, the more inflammables content in the PF that promoted the formation of the char layer, and the higher the LOI of PF. Although the closed cell proportion of PF decreases with the increase of F/P, the effect of the open and closed cell proportion on the LOI of PF was much lower than that of the content of inflammables when there was little difference in cell size. It is worth noting that the smoldering time and smoldering velocity of PF also increased with the increase of F/P. When F/P exceeds 2.3, a large number of open-cell structures appear in the PF, resulting in a phenomenon of smoldering to burnout. The relationship between smoldering velocity and F/P can be calculated by an Arrhenius type expression. Arrhenius-type expression calculation showed that when the F/P reached 2.3, the smoldering velocity increased sharply, reaching a maximum of 0.193 mm/s. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T05:34:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-70fc7c1e1a024fd8b27cc9921e91c8a6 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0142-9418 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T05:34:16Z |
| publishDate | 2022-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymer Testing |
| spelling | doaj.art-70fc7c1e1a024fd8b27cc9921e91c8a62022-12-22T00:36:13ZengElsevierPolymer Testing0142-94182022-07-01111107626Effect of formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio on combustion behavior of phenolic foamKaihong Tang0Xiaofeng He1Guiqiu Xu2Xiaojun Tang3Tiejun Ge4Ailing Zhang5School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China; Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, ChinaSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China; Polymer Material Synthesis and Processing Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, ChinaSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China; Polymer Material Synthesis and Processing Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, ChinaSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China; Polymer Material Synthesis and Processing Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, ChinaSchool of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China; Polymer Material Synthesis and Processing Professional Technology Innovation Center of Liaoning Province, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China; Corresponding author. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China.Key Laboratory of Polymer and Catalyst Synthesis Technology of Liaoning Province, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China; Corresponding author.The effects of the formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio (F/P) on the combustion behavior of phenolic foams were discussed. Phenolic foams have been prepared with different F/P of resole resin. FTIR, TG and SEM were used for assessment of the molecular structure, thermal stability, and cell structure of phenolic foam (PF) analysis, respectively. It was found that the higher the F/P, the more inflammables content in the PF that promoted the formation of the char layer, and the higher the LOI of PF. Although the closed cell proportion of PF decreases with the increase of F/P, the effect of the open and closed cell proportion on the LOI of PF was much lower than that of the content of inflammables when there was little difference in cell size. It is worth noting that the smoldering time and smoldering velocity of PF also increased with the increase of F/P. When F/P exceeds 2.3, a large number of open-cell structures appear in the PF, resulting in a phenomenon of smoldering to burnout. The relationship between smoldering velocity and F/P can be calculated by an Arrhenius type expression. Arrhenius-type expression calculation showed that when the F/P reached 2.3, the smoldering velocity increased sharply, reaching a maximum of 0.193 mm/s.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941822001507Phenolic foamResole resinFormaldehyde to phenol molar ratioCombustion behaviorCell structure |
| spellingShingle | Kaihong Tang Xiaofeng He Guiqiu Xu Xiaojun Tang Tiejun Ge Ailing Zhang Effect of formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio on combustion behavior of phenolic foam Polymer Testing Phenolic foam Resole resin Formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio Combustion behavior Cell structure |
| title | Effect of formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio on combustion behavior of phenolic foam |
| title_full | Effect of formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio on combustion behavior of phenolic foam |
| title_fullStr | Effect of formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio on combustion behavior of phenolic foam |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effect of formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio on combustion behavior of phenolic foam |
| title_short | Effect of formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio on combustion behavior of phenolic foam |
| title_sort | effect of formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio on combustion behavior of phenolic foam |
| topic | Phenolic foam Resole resin Formaldehyde to phenol molar ratio Combustion behavior Cell structure |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941822001507 |
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