| Summary: | Despite the fact that ophthalmology is one of the foremost branches of medicine, conceptualization of the structure
and function of the eye barely advanced in ancient Western civilizations. At the early recovery of Persian civilization
(9th century AD) after the extinction of the Sassanid Empire (7th century AD), translations of Greek medical
textbooks played an important role in the development of medicine and the emergence of great Persian physicians
such as Rhazes, Avicenna and others. Rhazes was a leading Persian physician whose medical teachings have as yet
not been thoroughly explored. In addition to numerous books and articles in various fields, he authored a great
medical Encyclopedia (al-Hawi al-Kabir) in 25 volumes. In this article, we are going to compare Rhazes’ particular
viewpoints about ophthalmology with those of other famous Persian physicians and some recent essays and
textbooks.
For this purpose we reviewed Rhazes’ second volume of al-Hawi that is dedicated exclusively to ophthalmology and
contains some major topics of ophthalmology including anatomy, physiology, pathology, diseases, disorders and
treatments. Important themes were carefully extracted and compared with the tenets of modern ophthalmology.
After collating Rhazes’ viewpoints with the latest findings in this field, it was concluded that he had brilliantly
written about the signs and symptoms, etiology and treatment of many eye disorders more than a thousand years
ago. The amazing point is that there was no accurate equipment at the time to help him in his investigations.
This study proved that Rhazes’ theories conform to recent knowledge about ophthalmology in many aspects, and
could therefore be the subject of further investigations.
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