RKIP as an Inflammatory and Immune System Modulator: Implications in Cancer
Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), an important modulator of intracellular signalling pathways, is commonly downregulated in multiple cancers. This reduction, or loss of expression, is correlated not only with the presence of metastasis, contributing to RKIP’s classification as a metasta...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2019-11-01
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| Series: | Biomolecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/12/769 |
| _version_ | 1818520283310456832 |
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| author | Maria Gabriela-Freitas Joana Pinheiro Ana Raquel-Cunha Diana Cardoso-Carneiro Olga Martinho |
| author_facet | Maria Gabriela-Freitas Joana Pinheiro Ana Raquel-Cunha Diana Cardoso-Carneiro Olga Martinho |
| author_sort | Maria Gabriela-Freitas |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Raf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), an important modulator of intracellular signalling pathways, is commonly downregulated in multiple cancers. This reduction, or loss of expression, is correlated not only with the presence of metastasis, contributing to RKIP’s classification as a metastasis suppressor, but also with tumour aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Recent findings suggest a strong involvement of RKIP in the modulation of tumour microenvironment components, particularly by controlling the infiltration of specific immune cells and secretion of pro-metastatic factors. Additionally, RKIP interaction with multiple signalling molecules seems to potentiate its function as a regulator of inflammatory processes, mainly through stimulation of anti- or pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, RKIP is involved in the modulation of immunotherapeutic drugs response, through diverse mechanisms that sensitize cells to apoptosis. In the present review, we will provide updated information about the role of RKIP as an inflammatory and immune modulator and its potential implications in cancer will be addressed. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T01:35:17Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-714439d8cba543d6891cbfef45adc192 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2218-273X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T01:35:17Z |
| publishDate | 2019-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Biomolecules |
| spelling | doaj.art-714439d8cba543d6891cbfef45adc1922022-12-22T01:25:13ZengMDPI AGBiomolecules2218-273X2019-11-0191276910.3390/biom9120769biom9120769RKIP as an Inflammatory and Immune System Modulator: Implications in CancerMaria Gabriela-Freitas0Joana Pinheiro1Ana Raquel-Cunha2Diana Cardoso-Carneiro3Olga Martinho4Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, PortugalLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, PortugalLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, PortugalLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, PortugalLife and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, PortugalRaf kinase inhibitor protein (RKIP), an important modulator of intracellular signalling pathways, is commonly downregulated in multiple cancers. This reduction, or loss of expression, is correlated not only with the presence of metastasis, contributing to RKIP’s classification as a metastasis suppressor, but also with tumour aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Recent findings suggest a strong involvement of RKIP in the modulation of tumour microenvironment components, particularly by controlling the infiltration of specific immune cells and secretion of pro-metastatic factors. Additionally, RKIP interaction with multiple signalling molecules seems to potentiate its function as a regulator of inflammatory processes, mainly through stimulation of anti- or pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, RKIP is involved in the modulation of immunotherapeutic drugs response, through diverse mechanisms that sensitize cells to apoptosis. In the present review, we will provide updated information about the role of RKIP as an inflammatory and immune modulator and its potential implications in cancer will be addressed.https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/12/769rkiptumour microenvironmentinflammationimmunomodulation |
| spellingShingle | Maria Gabriela-Freitas Joana Pinheiro Ana Raquel-Cunha Diana Cardoso-Carneiro Olga Martinho RKIP as an Inflammatory and Immune System Modulator: Implications in Cancer Biomolecules rkip tumour microenvironment inflammation immunomodulation |
| title | RKIP as an Inflammatory and Immune System Modulator: Implications in Cancer |
| title_full | RKIP as an Inflammatory and Immune System Modulator: Implications in Cancer |
| title_fullStr | RKIP as an Inflammatory and Immune System Modulator: Implications in Cancer |
| title_full_unstemmed | RKIP as an Inflammatory and Immune System Modulator: Implications in Cancer |
| title_short | RKIP as an Inflammatory and Immune System Modulator: Implications in Cancer |
| title_sort | rkip as an inflammatory and immune system modulator implications in cancer |
| topic | rkip tumour microenvironment inflammation immunomodulation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/9/12/769 |
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