Notes on distribution of Simulium damnosum s. l. along Atbara River in Galabat sub-focus, eastern Sudan
Abstract Background Onchocerciasis is caused by a nematode worm Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted in Sudan by black fly vectors of the Simulium damnosum sensu lato species complex. In Sudan, the disease is found in four foci where fast flowing rivers provide suitable breeding sites for the S...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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BMC
2019-05-01
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| Series: | BMC Infectious Diseases |
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| Online Access: | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12879-019-4113-1 |
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| author | Isam M. A. Zarroug Arwa Elaagip Suhaib G. Gumaa Altayeb K. Ali Ayman Ahmed Hanaa A. M. Siam Deena M. Abdelgadir Olabanji A. Surakat Olatunwa J. Olamiju Daniel A. Boakye Nabil Aziz Kamal Hashim |
| author_facet | Isam M. A. Zarroug Arwa Elaagip Suhaib G. Gumaa Altayeb K. Ali Ayman Ahmed Hanaa A. M. Siam Deena M. Abdelgadir Olabanji A. Surakat Olatunwa J. Olamiju Daniel A. Boakye Nabil Aziz Kamal Hashim |
| author_sort | Isam M. A. Zarroug |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Background Onchocerciasis is caused by a nematode worm Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted in Sudan by black fly vectors of the Simulium damnosum sensu lato species complex. In Sudan, the disease is found in four foci where fast flowing rivers provide suitable breeding sites for the Simulium vector flies. The construction of dams and irrigation schemes for agricultural purposes has affected black fly breeding and distribution, such as in Merowe Dam in Abu-Hamed focus, where the perennially flowing water downstream of the Dam created new vector breeding sites, thereby, changing the pattern of disease transmission and creating public health problems. Based on this situation, this study was carried out to measure the effect of the Upper Atbara and Setit Dam complex on the distribution of Simulium damnosum s.l. breeding sites and on disease elimination in the Galabat sub-focus in eastern Sudan. Methods Aquatic stages of Simulium were collected between October and November 2009, prior to the construction of the dam complex, and again in 2013 and 2015 while the dam complex construction was ongoing. Results A total of 40 breeding sites were identified at the beginning of the study. After the construction of the dam complex in 2015, seventeen previously mapped breeding sites were inaccessible as they had been flooded by the dam complex’s lake when reach its maximum size. Three species were obtained from different locations: S. damnosum s.l., S. griseicolle, and S. adersi. Conclusions This study has shown a link between the construction of the dam complex and a reduction in the breeding sites of black fly vectors. This reduction has limited the Galabat sub-focus to a small area at the upper Atbara River which become the end of the focus. To sustain the success achieved in onchocerciasis control in the Galabat sub-focus, disease control and its vector control should be strengthened in the area cross-boarding Sudan and Ethiopia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-23T04:01:16Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-71653597ae584664adad77e344e92a19 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1471-2334 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-23T04:01:16Z |
| publishDate | 2019-05-01 |
| publisher | BMC |
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| series | BMC Infectious Diseases |
| spelling | doaj.art-71653597ae584664adad77e344e92a192022-12-21T18:00:44ZengBMCBMC Infectious Diseases1471-23342019-05-011911510.1186/s12879-019-4113-1Notes on distribution of Simulium damnosum s. l. along Atbara River in Galabat sub-focus, eastern SudanIsam M. A. Zarroug0Arwa Elaagip1Suhaib G. Gumaa2Altayeb K. Ali3Ayman Ahmed4Hanaa A. M. Siam5Deena M. Abdelgadir6Olabanji A. Surakat7Olatunwa J. Olamiju8Daniel A. Boakye9Nabil Aziz10Kamal Hashim11Onchocerciasis Control/Elimination Programme, National Programme for Prevention of Blindness (NPPB), Federal Ministry of HealthDepartment of Parasitology and Medical Entomology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of KhartoumDepartment of Immunology and Biotechnology, Tropical Medicine Research Institute, National Center for ResearchDepartment of Medical Entomology, Blue Nile National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of GeziraDepartment of Medical Entomology, National Public Health Laboratory, Federal Ministry of HealthDepartment of Medical Entomology, National Public Health Laboratory, Federal Ministry of HealthDepartment of Epidemiology, Federal Ministry of HealthDepartment of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of AgricultureDepartment of Research and Development, Mission to Save the Helpless (MITOSATH)Parasitology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, University of GhanaThe Carter CenterNational Programme for Prevention of Blindness (NPPB), Federal Ministry of HealthAbstract Background Onchocerciasis is caused by a nematode worm Onchocerca volvulus, which is transmitted in Sudan by black fly vectors of the Simulium damnosum sensu lato species complex. In Sudan, the disease is found in four foci where fast flowing rivers provide suitable breeding sites for the Simulium vector flies. The construction of dams and irrigation schemes for agricultural purposes has affected black fly breeding and distribution, such as in Merowe Dam in Abu-Hamed focus, where the perennially flowing water downstream of the Dam created new vector breeding sites, thereby, changing the pattern of disease transmission and creating public health problems. Based on this situation, this study was carried out to measure the effect of the Upper Atbara and Setit Dam complex on the distribution of Simulium damnosum s.l. breeding sites and on disease elimination in the Galabat sub-focus in eastern Sudan. Methods Aquatic stages of Simulium were collected between October and November 2009, prior to the construction of the dam complex, and again in 2013 and 2015 while the dam complex construction was ongoing. Results A total of 40 breeding sites were identified at the beginning of the study. After the construction of the dam complex in 2015, seventeen previously mapped breeding sites were inaccessible as they had been flooded by the dam complex’s lake when reach its maximum size. Three species were obtained from different locations: S. damnosum s.l., S. griseicolle, and S. adersi. Conclusions This study has shown a link between the construction of the dam complex and a reduction in the breeding sites of black fly vectors. This reduction has limited the Galabat sub-focus to a small area at the upper Atbara River which become the end of the focus. To sustain the success achieved in onchocerciasis control in the Galabat sub-focus, disease control and its vector control should be strengthened in the area cross-boarding Sudan and Ethiopia.http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12879-019-4113-1Upper Atbara damSetit damDam complexSimulium damnosum s.l.DistributionCross-border |
| spellingShingle | Isam M. A. Zarroug Arwa Elaagip Suhaib G. Gumaa Altayeb K. Ali Ayman Ahmed Hanaa A. M. Siam Deena M. Abdelgadir Olabanji A. Surakat Olatunwa J. Olamiju Daniel A. Boakye Nabil Aziz Kamal Hashim Notes on distribution of Simulium damnosum s. l. along Atbara River in Galabat sub-focus, eastern Sudan BMC Infectious Diseases Upper Atbara dam Setit dam Dam complex Simulium damnosum s.l. Distribution Cross-border |
| title | Notes on distribution of Simulium damnosum s. l. along Atbara River in Galabat sub-focus, eastern Sudan |
| title_full | Notes on distribution of Simulium damnosum s. l. along Atbara River in Galabat sub-focus, eastern Sudan |
| title_fullStr | Notes on distribution of Simulium damnosum s. l. along Atbara River in Galabat sub-focus, eastern Sudan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Notes on distribution of Simulium damnosum s. l. along Atbara River in Galabat sub-focus, eastern Sudan |
| title_short | Notes on distribution of Simulium damnosum s. l. along Atbara River in Galabat sub-focus, eastern Sudan |
| title_sort | notes on distribution of simulium damnosum s l along atbara river in galabat sub focus eastern sudan |
| topic | Upper Atbara dam Setit dam Dam complex Simulium damnosum s.l. Distribution Cross-border |
| url | http://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12879-019-4113-1 |
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