Pulmonary Innate Immune Response Determines the Outcome of Inflammation During Pneumonia and Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury
The lung is a primary organ for gas exchange in mammals that represents the largest epithelial surface in direct contact with the external environment. It also serves as a crucial immune organ, which harbors both innate and adaptive immune cells to induce a potent immune response. Due to its direct...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2020-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01722/full |
| _version_ | 1818436861100556288 |
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| author | Vijay Kumar Vijay Kumar |
| author_facet | Vijay Kumar Vijay Kumar |
| author_sort | Vijay Kumar |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The lung is a primary organ for gas exchange in mammals that represents the largest epithelial surface in direct contact with the external environment. It also serves as a crucial immune organ, which harbors both innate and adaptive immune cells to induce a potent immune response. Due to its direct contact with the outer environment, the lung serves as a primary target organ for many airborne pathogens, toxicants (aerosols), and allergens causing pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and acute lung injury or inflammation (ALI). The current review describes the immunological mechanisms responsible for bacterial pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. It highlights the immunological differences for the severity of bacterial sepsis-induced ALI as compared to the pneumonia-associated ALI. The immune-based differences between the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria-induced pneumonia show different mechanisms to induce ALI. The role of pulmonary epithelial cells (PECs), alveolar macrophages (AMs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and different pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasome proteins) in neutrophil infiltration and ALI induction have been described during pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. Also, the resolution of inflammation is frequently observed during ALI associated with pneumonia, whereas sepsis-associated ALI lacks it. Hence, the review mainly describes the different immune mechanisms responsible for pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. The differences in immune response depending on the causal pathogen (Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria) associated pneumonia or sepsis-induced ALI should be taken in mind specific immune-based therapeutics. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-14T17:15:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-717e4ff921c048408fd48ca5ebe063bb |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-14T17:15:30Z |
| publishDate | 2020-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-717e4ff921c048408fd48ca5ebe063bb2022-12-21T22:53:26ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242020-08-011110.3389/fimmu.2020.01722524923Pulmonary Innate Immune Response Determines the Outcome of Inflammation During Pneumonia and Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung InjuryVijay Kumar0Vijay Kumar1Children's Health Queensland Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaFaculty of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AustraliaThe lung is a primary organ for gas exchange in mammals that represents the largest epithelial surface in direct contact with the external environment. It also serves as a crucial immune organ, which harbors both innate and adaptive immune cells to induce a potent immune response. Due to its direct contact with the outer environment, the lung serves as a primary target organ for many airborne pathogens, toxicants (aerosols), and allergens causing pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and acute lung injury or inflammation (ALI). The current review describes the immunological mechanisms responsible for bacterial pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. It highlights the immunological differences for the severity of bacterial sepsis-induced ALI as compared to the pneumonia-associated ALI. The immune-based differences between the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria-induced pneumonia show different mechanisms to induce ALI. The role of pulmonary epithelial cells (PECs), alveolar macrophages (AMs), innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and different pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammasome proteins) in neutrophil infiltration and ALI induction have been described during pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. Also, the resolution of inflammation is frequently observed during ALI associated with pneumonia, whereas sepsis-associated ALI lacks it. Hence, the review mainly describes the different immune mechanisms responsible for pneumonia and sepsis-induced ALI. The differences in immune response depending on the causal pathogen (Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria) associated pneumonia or sepsis-induced ALI should be taken in mind specific immune-based therapeutics.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01722/fullpneumoniasepsisALIILCsneutrophilsmacrophages |
| spellingShingle | Vijay Kumar Vijay Kumar Pulmonary Innate Immune Response Determines the Outcome of Inflammation During Pneumonia and Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury Frontiers in Immunology pneumonia sepsis ALI ILCs neutrophils macrophages |
| title | Pulmonary Innate Immune Response Determines the Outcome of Inflammation During Pneumonia and Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury |
| title_full | Pulmonary Innate Immune Response Determines the Outcome of Inflammation During Pneumonia and Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury |
| title_fullStr | Pulmonary Innate Immune Response Determines the Outcome of Inflammation During Pneumonia and Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pulmonary Innate Immune Response Determines the Outcome of Inflammation During Pneumonia and Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury |
| title_short | Pulmonary Innate Immune Response Determines the Outcome of Inflammation During Pneumonia and Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury |
| title_sort | pulmonary innate immune response determines the outcome of inflammation during pneumonia and sepsis associated acute lung injury |
| topic | pneumonia sepsis ALI ILCs neutrophils macrophages |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2020.01722/full |
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