Accuracy Assessment of Direct Georeferencing for Photogrammetric Applications Based on UAS-GNSS for High Andean Urban Environments
Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are used in a variety of applications with the aim of mapping detailed surfaces from the air. Despite the high level of map automation achieved today, there are still challenges in the accuracy of georeferencing that can limit both the speed and the efficiency in mapp...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Drones |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/12/388 |
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| author | Rolando Salas López Renzo E. Terrones Murga Jhonsy O. Silva-López Nilton B. Rojas-Briceño Darwin Gómez Fernández Manuel Oliva-Cruz Yuri Taddia |
| author_facet | Rolando Salas López Renzo E. Terrones Murga Jhonsy O. Silva-López Nilton B. Rojas-Briceño Darwin Gómez Fernández Manuel Oliva-Cruz Yuri Taddia |
| author_sort | Rolando Salas López |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are used in a variety of applications with the aim of mapping detailed surfaces from the air. Despite the high level of map automation achieved today, there are still challenges in the accuracy of georeferencing that can limit both the speed and the efficiency in mapping urban areas. However, the integration of topographic grade Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers on UAS has improved this phase, leading to a reach of up to a centimeter-level accuracy. It is therefore necessary to adopt direct georeferencing (DG), real-time kinematic positioning (RTK)/post-processed kinematic (PPK) approaches in order to largely automate the photogrammetric flow. This work analyses the positional accuracy using Ground Control Points (GCP) and the repeatability and reproducibility of photogrammetric products (Digital Surface Model and ortho-mosaic) of a commercial multi-rotor system equipped with a GNSS receiver in an urban environment with a DG approach. It was demonstrated that DG is a viable solution for mapping urban areas. Indeed, PPK with at least 1 GCP considerably improves the RMSE (x: 0.039 m, y: 0.012 m, and z: 0.034 m), allowing for a reliable 1:500 scale urban mapping in less time when compared to conventional topographic surveys. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:05:28Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-718d769c017046b7ad482c2ffbc1bfab |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2504-446X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T17:05:28Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Drones |
| spelling | doaj.art-718d769c017046b7ad482c2ffbc1bfab2023-11-24T14:24:50ZengMDPI AGDrones2504-446X2022-11-0161238810.3390/drones6120388Accuracy Assessment of Direct Georeferencing for Photogrammetric Applications Based on UAS-GNSS for High Andean Urban EnvironmentsRolando Salas López0Renzo E. Terrones Murga1Jhonsy O. Silva-López2Nilton B. Rojas-Briceño3Darwin Gómez Fernández4Manuel Oliva-Cruz5Yuri Taddia6Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas 01001, PeruInstituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas 01001, PeruInstituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas 01001, PeruInstituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas 01001, PeruInstituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas 01001, PeruInstituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva, Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza, Chachapoyas 01001, PeruEngineering Department, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, ItalyUnmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) are used in a variety of applications with the aim of mapping detailed surfaces from the air. Despite the high level of map automation achieved today, there are still challenges in the accuracy of georeferencing that can limit both the speed and the efficiency in mapping urban areas. However, the integration of topographic grade Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers on UAS has improved this phase, leading to a reach of up to a centimeter-level accuracy. It is therefore necessary to adopt direct georeferencing (DG), real-time kinematic positioning (RTK)/post-processed kinematic (PPK) approaches in order to largely automate the photogrammetric flow. This work analyses the positional accuracy using Ground Control Points (GCP) and the repeatability and reproducibility of photogrammetric products (Digital Surface Model and ortho-mosaic) of a commercial multi-rotor system equipped with a GNSS receiver in an urban environment with a DG approach. It was demonstrated that DG is a viable solution for mapping urban areas. Indeed, PPK with at least 1 GCP considerably improves the RMSE (x: 0.039 m, y: 0.012 m, and z: 0.034 m), allowing for a reliable 1:500 scale urban mapping in less time when compared to conventional topographic surveys.https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/12/388UASSfMRTKPPKdirect georeferencing |
| spellingShingle | Rolando Salas López Renzo E. Terrones Murga Jhonsy O. Silva-López Nilton B. Rojas-Briceño Darwin Gómez Fernández Manuel Oliva-Cruz Yuri Taddia Accuracy Assessment of Direct Georeferencing for Photogrammetric Applications Based on UAS-GNSS for High Andean Urban Environments Drones UAS SfM RTK PPK direct georeferencing |
| title | Accuracy Assessment of Direct Georeferencing for Photogrammetric Applications Based on UAS-GNSS for High Andean Urban Environments |
| title_full | Accuracy Assessment of Direct Georeferencing for Photogrammetric Applications Based on UAS-GNSS for High Andean Urban Environments |
| title_fullStr | Accuracy Assessment of Direct Georeferencing for Photogrammetric Applications Based on UAS-GNSS for High Andean Urban Environments |
| title_full_unstemmed | Accuracy Assessment of Direct Georeferencing for Photogrammetric Applications Based on UAS-GNSS for High Andean Urban Environments |
| title_short | Accuracy Assessment of Direct Georeferencing for Photogrammetric Applications Based on UAS-GNSS for High Andean Urban Environments |
| title_sort | accuracy assessment of direct georeferencing for photogrammetric applications based on uas gnss for high andean urban environments |
| topic | UAS SfM RTK PPK direct georeferencing |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2504-446X/6/12/388 |
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