Potential of Sodium MRI as a Biomarker for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis
In multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental and ex vivo studies indicate that pathologic intra- and extracellular sodium accumulation may play a pivotal role in inflammatory as well as neurodegenerative processes. Yet, in vivo assessment of sodium in the microenvironment is hard to achieve. Here, sodiu...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2019-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neurology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2019.00084/full |
| _version_ | 1818899494797836288 |
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| author | Konstantin Huhn Tobias Engelhorn Ralf A. Linker Armin M. Nagel Armin M. Nagel |
| author_facet | Konstantin Huhn Tobias Engelhorn Ralf A. Linker Armin M. Nagel Armin M. Nagel |
| author_sort | Konstantin Huhn |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental and ex vivo studies indicate that pathologic intra- and extracellular sodium accumulation may play a pivotal role in inflammatory as well as neurodegenerative processes. Yet, in vivo assessment of sodium in the microenvironment is hard to achieve. Here, sodium magnetic resonance imaging (23NaMRI) with its non-invasive properties offers a unique opportunity to further elucidate the effects of sodium disequilibrium in MS pathology in vivo in addition to regular proton based MRI. However, unfavorable physical properties and low in vivo concentrations of sodium ions resulting in low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) as well as low spatial resolution resulting in partial volume effects limited the application of 23NaMRI. With the recent advent of high-field MRI scanners and more sophisticated sodium MRI acquisition techniques enabling better resolution and higher SNR, 23NaMRI revived. These studies revealed pathologic total sodium concentrations in MS brains now even allowing for the (partial) differentiation of intra- and extracellular sodium accumulation. Within this review we (1) demonstrate the physical basis and imaging techniques of 23NaMRI and (2) analyze the present and future clinical application of 23NaMRI focusing on the field of MS thus highlighting its potential as biomarker for neuroinflammation and -degeneration. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T19:48:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-71a70602b5dc4b10bf3ee889c5f61d18 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-2295 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T19:48:52Z |
| publishDate | 2019-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Neurology |
| spelling | doaj.art-71a70602b5dc4b10bf3ee889c5f61d182022-12-21T20:08:04ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neurology1664-22952019-02-011010.3389/fneur.2019.00084429081Potential of Sodium MRI as a Biomarker for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Multiple SclerosisKonstantin Huhn0Tobias Engelhorn1Ralf A. Linker2Armin M. Nagel3Armin M. Nagel4Department of Neurology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, GermanyDepartment of Neuroradiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, GermanyDepartment of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, GermanyDepartment of Radiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, GermanyDivision of Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, GermanyIn multiple sclerosis (MS), experimental and ex vivo studies indicate that pathologic intra- and extracellular sodium accumulation may play a pivotal role in inflammatory as well as neurodegenerative processes. Yet, in vivo assessment of sodium in the microenvironment is hard to achieve. Here, sodium magnetic resonance imaging (23NaMRI) with its non-invasive properties offers a unique opportunity to further elucidate the effects of sodium disequilibrium in MS pathology in vivo in addition to regular proton based MRI. However, unfavorable physical properties and low in vivo concentrations of sodium ions resulting in low signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) as well as low spatial resolution resulting in partial volume effects limited the application of 23NaMRI. With the recent advent of high-field MRI scanners and more sophisticated sodium MRI acquisition techniques enabling better resolution and higher SNR, 23NaMRI revived. These studies revealed pathologic total sodium concentrations in MS brains now even allowing for the (partial) differentiation of intra- and extracellular sodium accumulation. Within this review we (1) demonstrate the physical basis and imaging techniques of 23NaMRI and (2) analyze the present and future clinical application of 23NaMRI focusing on the field of MS thus highlighting its potential as biomarker for neuroinflammation and -degeneration.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2019.00084/fullmultiple sclerosismagnetic resonance imagingsodium MRI23Na MRIneurodegenerationbiomarker |
| spellingShingle | Konstantin Huhn Tobias Engelhorn Ralf A. Linker Armin M. Nagel Armin M. Nagel Potential of Sodium MRI as a Biomarker for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis Frontiers in Neurology multiple sclerosis magnetic resonance imaging sodium MRI 23Na MRI neurodegeneration biomarker |
| title | Potential of Sodium MRI as a Biomarker for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_full | Potential of Sodium MRI as a Biomarker for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_fullStr | Potential of Sodium MRI as a Biomarker for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Potential of Sodium MRI as a Biomarker for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_short | Potential of Sodium MRI as a Biomarker for Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation in Multiple Sclerosis |
| title_sort | potential of sodium mri as a biomarker for neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis |
| topic | multiple sclerosis magnetic resonance imaging sodium MRI 23Na MRI neurodegeneration biomarker |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fneur.2019.00084/full |
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