High Prevalence of Recombinant Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV-A/Cs) in Minipigs: A Review on Origin and Presence
Minipigs play an important role in biomedical research and they have also been used as donor animals for preclinical xenotransplantations. Since zoonotic microorganisms including viruses can be transmitted when pig cells, tissues or organs are transplanted, virus safety is an important feature in xe...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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| Series: | Viruses |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/9/1869 |
| _version_ | 1827681035520835584 |
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| author | Joachim Denner Hendrik Jan Schuurman |
| author_facet | Joachim Denner Hendrik Jan Schuurman |
| author_sort | Joachim Denner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Minipigs play an important role in biomedical research and they have also been used as donor animals for preclinical xenotransplantations. Since zoonotic microorganisms including viruses can be transmitted when pig cells, tissues or organs are transplanted, virus safety is an important feature in xenotransplantation. Whereas most porcine viruses can be eliminated from pig herds by different strategies, this is not possible for porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs). PERVs are integrated in the genome of pigs and some of them release infectious particles able to infect human cells. Whereas PERV-A and PERV-B are present in all pigs and can infect cells from humans and other species, PERV-C is present in most, but not all pigs and infects only pig cells. Recombinant viruses between PERV-A and PERV-C have been found in some pigs; these recombinants infect human cells and are characterized by high replication rates. PERV-A/C recombinants have been found mainly in minipigs of different origin. The possible reasons of this high prevalence of PERV-A/C in minipigs, including inbreeding and higher numbers and expression of replication-competent PERV-C in these animals, are discussed in this review. Based on these data, it is highly recommended to use only pig donors in clinical xenotransplantation that are negative for PERV-C. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:07:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-71bb998956f94b20afb42dbc482917c1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1999-4915 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:07:44Z |
| publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Viruses |
| spelling | doaj.art-71bb998956f94b20afb42dbc482917c12023-11-22T15:39:10ZengMDPI AGViruses1999-49152021-09-01139186910.3390/v13091869High Prevalence of Recombinant Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV-A/Cs) in Minipigs: A Review on Origin and PresenceJoachim Denner0Hendrik Jan Schuurman1Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163 Berlin, GermanySchubiomed Consultancy, 3583 VH Utrecht, The NetherlandsMinipigs play an important role in biomedical research and they have also been used as donor animals for preclinical xenotransplantations. Since zoonotic microorganisms including viruses can be transmitted when pig cells, tissues or organs are transplanted, virus safety is an important feature in xenotransplantation. Whereas most porcine viruses can be eliminated from pig herds by different strategies, this is not possible for porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs). PERVs are integrated in the genome of pigs and some of them release infectious particles able to infect human cells. Whereas PERV-A and PERV-B are present in all pigs and can infect cells from humans and other species, PERV-C is present in most, but not all pigs and infects only pig cells. Recombinant viruses between PERV-A and PERV-C have been found in some pigs; these recombinants infect human cells and are characterized by high replication rates. PERV-A/C recombinants have been found mainly in minipigs of different origin. The possible reasons of this high prevalence of PERV-A/C in minipigs, including inbreeding and higher numbers and expression of replication-competent PERV-C in these animals, are discussed in this review. Based on these data, it is highly recommended to use only pig donors in clinical xenotransplantation that are negative for PERV-C.https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/9/1869porcine endogenous retrovirusesrecombinationxenotransplantationPERV-A/C recombinationminipigsminiature swine |
| spellingShingle | Joachim Denner Hendrik Jan Schuurman High Prevalence of Recombinant Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV-A/Cs) in Minipigs: A Review on Origin and Presence Viruses porcine endogenous retroviruses recombination xenotransplantation PERV-A/C recombination minipigs miniature swine |
| title | High Prevalence of Recombinant Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV-A/Cs) in Minipigs: A Review on Origin and Presence |
| title_full | High Prevalence of Recombinant Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV-A/Cs) in Minipigs: A Review on Origin and Presence |
| title_fullStr | High Prevalence of Recombinant Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV-A/Cs) in Minipigs: A Review on Origin and Presence |
| title_full_unstemmed | High Prevalence of Recombinant Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV-A/Cs) in Minipigs: A Review on Origin and Presence |
| title_short | High Prevalence of Recombinant Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses (PERV-A/Cs) in Minipigs: A Review on Origin and Presence |
| title_sort | high prevalence of recombinant porcine endogenous retroviruses perv a cs in minipigs a review on origin and presence |
| topic | porcine endogenous retroviruses recombination xenotransplantation PERV-A/C recombination minipigs miniature swine |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/13/9/1869 |
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