Time-Restricted Eating as a Nutrition Strategy for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study
Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) require a long-term dietary strategy for blood glucose management and may benefit from time-restricted eating (TRE, where the duration between the first and last energy intake is restricted to 8–10 h/day). We aimed to determine the feasibility of TRE for indivi...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-10-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/11/3228 |
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| author | Evelyn B. Parr Brooke L. Devlin Karen H. C. Lim Laura N. Z. Moresi Claudia Geils Leah Brennan John A. Hawley |
| author_facet | Evelyn B. Parr Brooke L. Devlin Karen H. C. Lim Laura N. Z. Moresi Claudia Geils Leah Brennan John A. Hawley |
| author_sort | Evelyn B. Parr |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) require a long-term dietary strategy for blood glucose management and may benefit from time-restricted eating (TRE, where the duration between the first and last energy intake is restricted to 8–10 h/day). We aimed to determine the feasibility of TRE for individuals with T2D. Participants with T2D (HbA1c >6.5 to <9%, eating window >12 h/day) were recruited to a pre-post, non-randomised intervention consisting of a 2-week Habitual period to establish baseline dietary intake, followed by a 4-weeks TRE intervention during which they were instructed to limit all eating occasions to between 10:00 and 19:00 h on as many days of each week as possible. Recruitment, retention, acceptability, and safety were recorded throughout the study as indicators of feasibility. Dietary intake, glycaemic control, psychological well-being, acceptability, cognitive outcomes, and physiological measures were explored as secondary outcomes. From 594 interested persons, and 27 eligible individuals, 24 participants enrolled and 19 participants (mean ± SD; age: 50 ± 9 years, BMI: 34 ± 5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, HbA1c: 7.6 ± 1.1%) completed the 6-week study. Overall daily dietary intake did not change between Habitual (~8400 kJ/d; 35% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 41% fat, 1% alcohol) and TRE periods (~8500 kJ/d; 35% carbohydrate, 19% protein, 42% fat, 1% alcohol). Compliance to the 9 h TRE period was 72 ± 24% of 28 days (i.e., ~5 days/week), with varied adherence (range: 4–100%). Comparisons of adherent vs. non-adherent TRE days showed that adherence to the 9-h TRE window reduced daily energy intake through lower absolute carbohydrate and alcohol intakes. Overall, TRE did not significantly improve measures of glycaemic control (HbA1c −0.2 ± 0.4%; <i>p</i> = 0.053) or reduce body mass. TRE did not impair or improve psychological well-being, with variable effects on cognitive function. Participants described hunger, daily stressors, and emotions as the main barriers to adherence. We demonstrate that 4-weeks of TRE is feasible and achievable for these individuals with T2D to adhere to for at least 5 days/week. The degree of adherence to TRE strongly influenced daily energy intake. Future trials may benefit from supporting participants to incorporate TRE in regular daily life and to overcome barriers to adherence. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:25:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-71db80f0ad9041b7afa2a7895b93ce09 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T15:25:40Z |
| publishDate | 2020-10-01 |
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| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-71db80f0ad9041b7afa2a7895b93ce092023-11-20T18:06:58ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432020-10-011211322810.3390/nu12113228Time-Restricted Eating as a Nutrition Strategy for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility StudyEvelyn B. Parr0Brooke L. Devlin1Karen H. C. Lim2Laura N. Z. Moresi3Claudia Geils4Leah Brennan5John A. Hawley6Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Victoria 3000, AustraliaDepartment of Dietetics, Nutrition and Sport, La Trobe University, Plenty Road and Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, AustraliaExercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Victoria 3000, AustraliaSchool of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Locked Bag 4115, Fitzroy, Victoria Melbourne 3065, AustraliaSchool of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Locked Bag 4115, Fitzroy, Victoria Melbourne 3065, AustraliaSchool of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Locked Bag 4115, Fitzroy, Victoria Melbourne 3065, AustraliaExercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, 215 Spring Street, Victoria 3000, AustraliaIndividuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) require a long-term dietary strategy for blood glucose management and may benefit from time-restricted eating (TRE, where the duration between the first and last energy intake is restricted to 8–10 h/day). We aimed to determine the feasibility of TRE for individuals with T2D. Participants with T2D (HbA1c >6.5 to <9%, eating window >12 h/day) were recruited to a pre-post, non-randomised intervention consisting of a 2-week Habitual period to establish baseline dietary intake, followed by a 4-weeks TRE intervention during which they were instructed to limit all eating occasions to between 10:00 and 19:00 h on as many days of each week as possible. Recruitment, retention, acceptability, and safety were recorded throughout the study as indicators of feasibility. Dietary intake, glycaemic control, psychological well-being, acceptability, cognitive outcomes, and physiological measures were explored as secondary outcomes. From 594 interested persons, and 27 eligible individuals, 24 participants enrolled and 19 participants (mean ± SD; age: 50 ± 9 years, BMI: 34 ± 5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>, HbA1c: 7.6 ± 1.1%) completed the 6-week study. Overall daily dietary intake did not change between Habitual (~8400 kJ/d; 35% carbohydrate, 20% protein, 41% fat, 1% alcohol) and TRE periods (~8500 kJ/d; 35% carbohydrate, 19% protein, 42% fat, 1% alcohol). Compliance to the 9 h TRE period was 72 ± 24% of 28 days (i.e., ~5 days/week), with varied adherence (range: 4–100%). Comparisons of adherent vs. non-adherent TRE days showed that adherence to the 9-h TRE window reduced daily energy intake through lower absolute carbohydrate and alcohol intakes. Overall, TRE did not significantly improve measures of glycaemic control (HbA1c −0.2 ± 0.4%; <i>p</i> = 0.053) or reduce body mass. TRE did not impair or improve psychological well-being, with variable effects on cognitive function. Participants described hunger, daily stressors, and emotions as the main barriers to adherence. We demonstrate that 4-weeks of TRE is feasible and achievable for these individuals with T2D to adhere to for at least 5 days/week. The degree of adherence to TRE strongly influenced daily energy intake. Future trials may benefit from supporting participants to incorporate TRE in regular daily life and to overcome barriers to adherence.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/11/3228intermittent fastingdietary adherenceenergy restrictionpsychological well-beingcognitive functionglycaemic control |
| spellingShingle | Evelyn B. Parr Brooke L. Devlin Karen H. C. Lim Laura N. Z. Moresi Claudia Geils Leah Brennan John A. Hawley Time-Restricted Eating as a Nutrition Strategy for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study Nutrients intermittent fasting dietary adherence energy restriction psychological well-being cognitive function glycaemic control |
| title | Time-Restricted Eating as a Nutrition Strategy for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study |
| title_full | Time-Restricted Eating as a Nutrition Strategy for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study |
| title_fullStr | Time-Restricted Eating as a Nutrition Strategy for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Time-Restricted Eating as a Nutrition Strategy for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study |
| title_short | Time-Restricted Eating as a Nutrition Strategy for Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Feasibility Study |
| title_sort | time restricted eating as a nutrition strategy for individuals with type 2 diabetes a feasibility study |
| topic | intermittent fasting dietary adherence energy restriction psychological well-being cognitive function glycaemic control |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/11/3228 |
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