Time-Resolved Radioluminescence Dosimetry Applications and the Influence of Ge Dopants In Silica Optical Fiber Scintillators
The quality of treatment delivery as prescribed in radiotherapy is exceptionally important. One element that helps provide quality assurance is the ability to carry out time-resolved radiotherapy dose measurements. Reports on doped silica optical fibers scintillators using radioluminescence (RL) bas...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-04-01
|
| Series: | Quantum Beam Science |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2412-382X/6/2/15 |
| _version_ | 1797482868693270528 |
|---|---|
| author | Zubair H. Tarif Adebiyi Oresegun Auwal Abubakar Azmi Basaif Hafiz M. Zin Kan Yeep Choo Siti A. Ibrahim Hairul Azhar Abdul-Rashid David A. Bradley |
| author_facet | Zubair H. Tarif Adebiyi Oresegun Auwal Abubakar Azmi Basaif Hafiz M. Zin Kan Yeep Choo Siti A. Ibrahim Hairul Azhar Abdul-Rashid David A. Bradley |
| author_sort | Zubair H. Tarif |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The quality of treatment delivery as prescribed in radiotherapy is exceptionally important. One element that helps provide quality assurance is the ability to carry out time-resolved radiotherapy dose measurements. Reports on doped silica optical fibers scintillators using radioluminescence (RL) based radiotherapy dosimetry have indicated merits, especially regarding robustness, versatility, wide dynamic range, and high spatial resolution. Topping the list is the ability to provide time-resolved measurements, alluding to pulse-by-pulse dosimetry. For effective time-resolved dose measurements, high temporal resolution is enabled by high-speed electronics and scintillator material offering sufficiently fast rise and decay time. In the present work, we examine the influence of Ge doping on the RL response of Ge-doped silica optical fiber scintillators. We particularly look at the size of the Ge-doped core relative to the fiber diameter, and its associated effects as it is adjusted from single-mode fiber geometry to a large core-to-cladding ratio structure. The primary objective is to produce a structure that facilitates short decay times with a sufficiently large yield for time-resolved dosimetry. RL characterization was carried out using a high-energy clinical X-ray beam (6 MV), delivered by an Elekta Synergy linear accelerator located at the Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The Ge-doped silica optical fiber scintillator samples, fabricated using chemical vapor deposition methods, comprised of large core and small core optical fiber scintillators with high and low core-to-cladding ratios, respectively. Accordingly, these samples having different Ge-dopant contents offer distinct numbers of defects in the amorphous silica network. Responses were recorded for six dose-rates (between 35 MU/min and 590 MU/min), using a photomultiplier tube setup with the photon-counting circuit capable of gating time as small as 1 μs. The samples showed linear RL response, with differing memory and afterglow effects depending on its geometry. Samples with a large core-to-cladding ratio showed a relatively short decay time (<1 ms). The results suggest a contribution of Ge-doping in affecting the triplet states of the SiO<sub>2</sub> matrix, thereby reducing phosphorescence effects. This is a desirable feature of scintillating glass materials that enables avoiding the pulse pile-up effect, especially in high dose-rate applications. These results demonstrate the potential of Ge-doped optical-fiber scintillators, with a large core-to-cladding ratio for use in time-resolved radiation dosimetry. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:38:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-71df8e2801644af3a9be486eda90f257 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2412-382X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T22:38:43Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Quantum Beam Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-71df8e2801644af3a9be486eda90f2572023-11-23T18:43:36ZengMDPI AGQuantum Beam Science2412-382X2022-04-01621510.3390/qubs6020015Time-Resolved Radioluminescence Dosimetry Applications and the Influence of Ge Dopants In Silica Optical Fiber ScintillatorsZubair H. Tarif0Adebiyi Oresegun1Auwal Abubakar2Azmi Basaif3Hafiz M. Zin4Kan Yeep Choo5Siti A. Ibrahim6Hairul Azhar Abdul-Rashid7David A. Bradley8Fiber Optics Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Jalan Multimedia, MalaysiaFiber Optics Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Jalan Multimedia, MalaysiaAdvanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, MalaysiaFiber Optics Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Jalan Multimedia, MalaysiaAdvanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kepala Batas 13200, Penang, MalaysiaFiber Optics Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Jalan Multimedia, MalaysiaFiber Optics Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Jalan Multimedia, MalaysiaFiber Optics Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Multimedia University, Cyberjaya 63100, Jalan Multimedia, MalaysiaCentre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Selangor, MalaysiaThe quality of treatment delivery as prescribed in radiotherapy is exceptionally important. One element that helps provide quality assurance is the ability to carry out time-resolved radiotherapy dose measurements. Reports on doped silica optical fibers scintillators using radioluminescence (RL) based radiotherapy dosimetry have indicated merits, especially regarding robustness, versatility, wide dynamic range, and high spatial resolution. Topping the list is the ability to provide time-resolved measurements, alluding to pulse-by-pulse dosimetry. For effective time-resolved dose measurements, high temporal resolution is enabled by high-speed electronics and scintillator material offering sufficiently fast rise and decay time. In the present work, we examine the influence of Ge doping on the RL response of Ge-doped silica optical fiber scintillators. We particularly look at the size of the Ge-doped core relative to the fiber diameter, and its associated effects as it is adjusted from single-mode fiber geometry to a large core-to-cladding ratio structure. The primary objective is to produce a structure that facilitates short decay times with a sufficiently large yield for time-resolved dosimetry. RL characterization was carried out using a high-energy clinical X-ray beam (6 MV), delivered by an Elekta Synergy linear accelerator located at the Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). The Ge-doped silica optical fiber scintillator samples, fabricated using chemical vapor deposition methods, comprised of large core and small core optical fiber scintillators with high and low core-to-cladding ratios, respectively. Accordingly, these samples having different Ge-dopant contents offer distinct numbers of defects in the amorphous silica network. Responses were recorded for six dose-rates (between 35 MU/min and 590 MU/min), using a photomultiplier tube setup with the photon-counting circuit capable of gating time as small as 1 μs. The samples showed linear RL response, with differing memory and afterglow effects depending on its geometry. Samples with a large core-to-cladding ratio showed a relatively short decay time (<1 ms). The results suggest a contribution of Ge-doping in affecting the triplet states of the SiO<sub>2</sub> matrix, thereby reducing phosphorescence effects. This is a desirable feature of scintillating glass materials that enables avoiding the pulse pile-up effect, especially in high dose-rate applications. These results demonstrate the potential of Ge-doped optical-fiber scintillators, with a large core-to-cladding ratio for use in time-resolved radiation dosimetry.https://www.mdpi.com/2412-382X/6/2/15optical fiber scintillatorsGe-doped optical fibertime-resolved radiation dosimetryFLASH radiotherapy |
| spellingShingle | Zubair H. Tarif Adebiyi Oresegun Auwal Abubakar Azmi Basaif Hafiz M. Zin Kan Yeep Choo Siti A. Ibrahim Hairul Azhar Abdul-Rashid David A. Bradley Time-Resolved Radioluminescence Dosimetry Applications and the Influence of Ge Dopants In Silica Optical Fiber Scintillators Quantum Beam Science optical fiber scintillators Ge-doped optical fiber time-resolved radiation dosimetry FLASH radiotherapy |
| title | Time-Resolved Radioluminescence Dosimetry Applications and the Influence of Ge Dopants In Silica Optical Fiber Scintillators |
| title_full | Time-Resolved Radioluminescence Dosimetry Applications and the Influence of Ge Dopants In Silica Optical Fiber Scintillators |
| title_fullStr | Time-Resolved Radioluminescence Dosimetry Applications and the Influence of Ge Dopants In Silica Optical Fiber Scintillators |
| title_full_unstemmed | Time-Resolved Radioluminescence Dosimetry Applications and the Influence of Ge Dopants In Silica Optical Fiber Scintillators |
| title_short | Time-Resolved Radioluminescence Dosimetry Applications and the Influence of Ge Dopants In Silica Optical Fiber Scintillators |
| title_sort | time resolved radioluminescence dosimetry applications and the influence of ge dopants in silica optical fiber scintillators |
| topic | optical fiber scintillators Ge-doped optical fiber time-resolved radiation dosimetry FLASH radiotherapy |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2412-382X/6/2/15 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zubairhtarif timeresolvedradioluminescencedosimetryapplicationsandtheinfluenceofgedopantsinsilicaopticalfiberscintillators AT adebiyioresegun timeresolvedradioluminescencedosimetryapplicationsandtheinfluenceofgedopantsinsilicaopticalfiberscintillators AT auwalabubakar timeresolvedradioluminescencedosimetryapplicationsandtheinfluenceofgedopantsinsilicaopticalfiberscintillators AT azmibasaif timeresolvedradioluminescencedosimetryapplicationsandtheinfluenceofgedopantsinsilicaopticalfiberscintillators AT hafizmzin timeresolvedradioluminescencedosimetryapplicationsandtheinfluenceofgedopantsinsilicaopticalfiberscintillators AT kanyeepchoo timeresolvedradioluminescencedosimetryapplicationsandtheinfluenceofgedopantsinsilicaopticalfiberscintillators AT sitiaibrahim timeresolvedradioluminescencedosimetryapplicationsandtheinfluenceofgedopantsinsilicaopticalfiberscintillators AT hairulazharabdulrashid timeresolvedradioluminescencedosimetryapplicationsandtheinfluenceofgedopantsinsilicaopticalfiberscintillators AT davidabradley timeresolvedradioluminescencedosimetryapplicationsandtheinfluenceofgedopantsinsilicaopticalfiberscintillators |