Environmental Controls on Evapotranspiration and Its Components in a Qinghai Spruce Forest in the Qilian Mountains
Qinghai spruce forests, found in the Qilian mountains, are a typical type of water conservation forest and play an important role in regulating the regional water balance and quantifying the changes and controlling factors for evapotranspiration (ET) and its components, namely, transpiration (<i&...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-03-01
|
| Series: | Plants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/6/801 |
| _version_ | 1797239582700339200 |
|---|---|
| author | Guanlong Gao Xiaoyun Guo Qi Feng Erwen Xu Yulian Hao Rongxin Wang Wenmao Jing Xiaofeng Ren Simin Liu Junxi Shi Bo Wu Yin Wang Yujing Wen |
| author_facet | Guanlong Gao Xiaoyun Guo Qi Feng Erwen Xu Yulian Hao Rongxin Wang Wenmao Jing Xiaofeng Ren Simin Liu Junxi Shi Bo Wu Yin Wang Yujing Wen |
| author_sort | Guanlong Gao |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Qinghai spruce forests, found in the Qilian mountains, are a typical type of water conservation forest and play an important role in regulating the regional water balance and quantifying the changes and controlling factors for evapotranspiration (ET) and its components, namely, transpiration (<i>T</i>), evaporation (<i>E<sub>s</sub></i>) and canopy interceptions (<i>E<sub>i</sub></i>), of the Qinghai spruce, which may provide rich information for improving water resource management. In this study, we partitioned ET based on the assumption that total ET equals the sum of <i>T</i>, <i>E<sub>s</sub></i> and <i>E<sub>i</sub></i>, and then we analyzed the environmental controls on ET, <i>T</i> and <i>E<sub>s</sub></i>. The results show that, during the main growing seasons of the Qinghai spruce (from May to September) in the Qilian mountains, the total ET values were 353.7 and 325.1 mm in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The monthly dynamics in the daily variations in <i>T</i>/ET and <i>E<sub>s</sub></i>/ET showed that <i>T</i>/ET increased until July and gradually decreased afterwards, while <i>E<sub>s</sub></i>/ET showed opposite trends and was mainly controlled by the amount of precipitation. Among all the ET components, <i>T</i> always occupied the largest part, while the contribution of <i>E<sub>s</sub></i> to ET was minimal. Meanwhile, <i>E<sub>i</sub></i> must be considered when partitioning ET, as it accounts for a certain percentage (greater than one-third) of the total ET values. Combining Pearson’s correlation analysis and the boosted regression trees method, we concluded that net radiation (<i>R<sub>n</sub></i>), soil temperature (<i>T<sub>s</sub></i>) and soil water content (SWC) were the main controlling factors for ET. <i>T</i> was mainly determined by the radiation and soil hydrothermic factors (<i>R<sub>n</sub></i>, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and <i>T<sub>S</sub></i><sub>30</sub>), while <i>E<sub>s</sub></i> was mostly controlled by the vapor pressure deficit (VPD), atmospheric precipitation (<i>P<sub>a</sub></i>), throughfall (<i>P<sub>t</sub></i>) and air temperature (<i>T<sub>a</sub></i>). Our study may provide further theoretical support to improve our understanding of the responses of ET and its components to surrounding environments. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:53:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-71e2116d5d3b46eba2f6ae946015b8fa |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2223-7747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T17:53:50Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Plants |
| spelling | doaj.art-71e2116d5d3b46eba2f6ae946015b8fa2024-03-27T14:00:41ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-03-0113680110.3390/plants13060801Environmental Controls on Evapotranspiration and Its Components in a Qinghai Spruce Forest in the Qilian MountainsGuanlong Gao0Xiaoyun Guo1Qi Feng2Erwen Xu3Yulian Hao4Rongxin Wang5Wenmao Jing6Xiaofeng Ren7Simin Liu8Junxi Shi9Bo Wu10Yin Wang11Yujing Wen12College of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, ChinaCollege of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, ChinaNorthwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaAcademy of Water Resources Conservation Forests in Qilian Mountains of Gansu Province, Zhangye 734000, ChinaCollege of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, ChinaAcademy of Water Resources Conservation Forests in Qilian Mountains of Gansu Province, Zhangye 734000, ChinaAcademy of Water Resources Conservation Forests in Qilian Mountains of Gansu Province, Zhangye 734000, ChinaAcademy of Water Resources Conservation Forests in Qilian Mountains of Gansu Province, Zhangye 734000, ChinaChina National Forestry-Grassland Development Research Center, Beijing 100714, ChinaCollege of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, ChinaCollege of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, ChinaCollege of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, ChinaCollege of Environment and Resource, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, ChinaQinghai spruce forests, found in the Qilian mountains, are a typical type of water conservation forest and play an important role in regulating the regional water balance and quantifying the changes and controlling factors for evapotranspiration (ET) and its components, namely, transpiration (<i>T</i>), evaporation (<i>E<sub>s</sub></i>) and canopy interceptions (<i>E<sub>i</sub></i>), of the Qinghai spruce, which may provide rich information for improving water resource management. In this study, we partitioned ET based on the assumption that total ET equals the sum of <i>T</i>, <i>E<sub>s</sub></i> and <i>E<sub>i</sub></i>, and then we analyzed the environmental controls on ET, <i>T</i> and <i>E<sub>s</sub></i>. The results show that, during the main growing seasons of the Qinghai spruce (from May to September) in the Qilian mountains, the total ET values were 353.7 and 325.1 mm in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The monthly dynamics in the daily variations in <i>T</i>/ET and <i>E<sub>s</sub></i>/ET showed that <i>T</i>/ET increased until July and gradually decreased afterwards, while <i>E<sub>s</sub></i>/ET showed opposite trends and was mainly controlled by the amount of precipitation. Among all the ET components, <i>T</i> always occupied the largest part, while the contribution of <i>E<sub>s</sub></i> to ET was minimal. Meanwhile, <i>E<sub>i</sub></i> must be considered when partitioning ET, as it accounts for a certain percentage (greater than one-third) of the total ET values. Combining Pearson’s correlation analysis and the boosted regression trees method, we concluded that net radiation (<i>R<sub>n</sub></i>), soil temperature (<i>T<sub>s</sub></i>) and soil water content (SWC) were the main controlling factors for ET. <i>T</i> was mainly determined by the radiation and soil hydrothermic factors (<i>R<sub>n</sub></i>, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) and <i>T<sub>S</sub></i><sub>30</sub>), while <i>E<sub>s</sub></i> was mostly controlled by the vapor pressure deficit (VPD), atmospheric precipitation (<i>P<sub>a</sub></i>), throughfall (<i>P<sub>t</sub></i>) and air temperature (<i>T<sub>a</sub></i>). Our study may provide further theoretical support to improve our understanding of the responses of ET and its components to surrounding environments.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/6/801evapotranspirationtranspirationcanopy interceptionboosted regression treesenvironmental responses |
| spellingShingle | Guanlong Gao Xiaoyun Guo Qi Feng Erwen Xu Yulian Hao Rongxin Wang Wenmao Jing Xiaofeng Ren Simin Liu Junxi Shi Bo Wu Yin Wang Yujing Wen Environmental Controls on Evapotranspiration and Its Components in a Qinghai Spruce Forest in the Qilian Mountains Plants evapotranspiration transpiration canopy interception boosted regression trees environmental responses |
| title | Environmental Controls on Evapotranspiration and Its Components in a Qinghai Spruce Forest in the Qilian Mountains |
| title_full | Environmental Controls on Evapotranspiration and Its Components in a Qinghai Spruce Forest in the Qilian Mountains |
| title_fullStr | Environmental Controls on Evapotranspiration and Its Components in a Qinghai Spruce Forest in the Qilian Mountains |
| title_full_unstemmed | Environmental Controls on Evapotranspiration and Its Components in a Qinghai Spruce Forest in the Qilian Mountains |
| title_short | Environmental Controls on Evapotranspiration and Its Components in a Qinghai Spruce Forest in the Qilian Mountains |
| title_sort | environmental controls on evapotranspiration and its components in a qinghai spruce forest in the qilian mountains |
| topic | evapotranspiration transpiration canopy interception boosted regression trees environmental responses |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/6/801 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT guanlonggao environmentalcontrolsonevapotranspirationanditscomponentsinaqinghaispruceforestintheqilianmountains AT xiaoyunguo environmentalcontrolsonevapotranspirationanditscomponentsinaqinghaispruceforestintheqilianmountains AT qifeng environmentalcontrolsonevapotranspirationanditscomponentsinaqinghaispruceforestintheqilianmountains AT erwenxu environmentalcontrolsonevapotranspirationanditscomponentsinaqinghaispruceforestintheqilianmountains AT yulianhao environmentalcontrolsonevapotranspirationanditscomponentsinaqinghaispruceforestintheqilianmountains AT rongxinwang environmentalcontrolsonevapotranspirationanditscomponentsinaqinghaispruceforestintheqilianmountains AT wenmaojing environmentalcontrolsonevapotranspirationanditscomponentsinaqinghaispruceforestintheqilianmountains AT xiaofengren environmentalcontrolsonevapotranspirationanditscomponentsinaqinghaispruceforestintheqilianmountains AT siminliu environmentalcontrolsonevapotranspirationanditscomponentsinaqinghaispruceforestintheqilianmountains AT junxishi environmentalcontrolsonevapotranspirationanditscomponentsinaqinghaispruceforestintheqilianmountains AT bowu environmentalcontrolsonevapotranspirationanditscomponentsinaqinghaispruceforestintheqilianmountains AT yinwang environmentalcontrolsonevapotranspirationanditscomponentsinaqinghaispruceforestintheqilianmountains AT yujingwen environmentalcontrolsonevapotranspirationanditscomponentsinaqinghaispruceforestintheqilianmountains |