Oxygen Sensor-Based Respirometry and the Landscape of Microbial Testing Methods as Applicable to Food and Beverage Matrices
The current status of microbiological testing methods for the determination of viable bacteria in complex sample matrices, such as food samples, is the focus of this review. Established methods for the enumeration of microorganisms, particularly, the ‘gold standard’ agar plating method for the deter...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Sensors |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4519 |
| _version_ | 1797601666521890816 |
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| author | Dmitri B. Papkovsky Joseph P. Kerry |
| author_facet | Dmitri B. Papkovsky Joseph P. Kerry |
| author_sort | Dmitri B. Papkovsky |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The current status of microbiological testing methods for the determination of viable bacteria in complex sample matrices, such as food samples, is the focus of this review. Established methods for the enumeration of microorganisms, particularly, the ‘gold standard’ agar plating method for the determination of total aerobic viable counts (TVC), bioluminescent detection of total ATP, selective molecular methods (immunoassays, DNA/RNA amplification, sequencing) and instrumental methods (flow cytometry, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, calorimetry), are analyzed and compared with emerging oxygen sensor-based respirometry techniques. The basic principles of optical O<sub>2</sub> sensing and respirometry and the primary materials, detection modes and assay formats employed are described. The existing platforms for bacterial cell respirometry are then described, and examples of particular assays are provided, including the use of rapid TVC tests of food samples and swabs, the toxicological screening and profiling of cells and antimicrobial sterility testing. Overall, O<sub>2</sub> sensor-based respirometry and TVC assays have high application potential in the food industry and related areas. They detect viable bacteria via their growth and respiration; the assay is fast (time to result is 2–8 h and dependent on TVC load), operates with complex samples (crude homogenates of food samples) in a simple mix-and-measure format, has low set-up and instrumentation costs and is inexpensive and portable. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:06:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-71e6d8dfb25245eb91f35d23b6eba4dc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1424-8220 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T04:06:51Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Sensors |
| spelling | doaj.art-71e6d8dfb25245eb91f35d23b6eba4dc2023-11-17T23:45:34ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202023-05-01239451910.3390/s23094519Oxygen Sensor-Based Respirometry and the Landscape of Microbial Testing Methods as Applicable to Food and Beverage MatricesDmitri B. Papkovsky0Joseph P. Kerry1School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Pharmacy Building, College Road, T12 YT20 Cork, IrelandSchool of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Microbiology Building, College Road, T12 YT20 Cork, IrelandThe current status of microbiological testing methods for the determination of viable bacteria in complex sample matrices, such as food samples, is the focus of this review. Established methods for the enumeration of microorganisms, particularly, the ‘gold standard’ agar plating method for the determination of total aerobic viable counts (TVC), bioluminescent detection of total ATP, selective molecular methods (immunoassays, DNA/RNA amplification, sequencing) and instrumental methods (flow cytometry, Raman spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, calorimetry), are analyzed and compared with emerging oxygen sensor-based respirometry techniques. The basic principles of optical O<sub>2</sub> sensing and respirometry and the primary materials, detection modes and assay formats employed are described. The existing platforms for bacterial cell respirometry are then described, and examples of particular assays are provided, including the use of rapid TVC tests of food samples and swabs, the toxicological screening and profiling of cells and antimicrobial sterility testing. Overall, O<sub>2</sub> sensor-based respirometry and TVC assays have high application potential in the food industry and related areas. They detect viable bacteria via their growth and respiration; the assay is fast (time to result is 2–8 h and dependent on TVC load), operates with complex samples (crude homogenates of food samples) in a simple mix-and-measure format, has low set-up and instrumentation costs and is inexpensive and portable.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4519microbial testingrapid methodsfood quality and safetyoptical oxygen respirometryoxygen sensor and biosensor systems |
| spellingShingle | Dmitri B. Papkovsky Joseph P. Kerry Oxygen Sensor-Based Respirometry and the Landscape of Microbial Testing Methods as Applicable to Food and Beverage Matrices Sensors microbial testing rapid methods food quality and safety optical oxygen respirometry oxygen sensor and biosensor systems |
| title | Oxygen Sensor-Based Respirometry and the Landscape of Microbial Testing Methods as Applicable to Food and Beverage Matrices |
| title_full | Oxygen Sensor-Based Respirometry and the Landscape of Microbial Testing Methods as Applicable to Food and Beverage Matrices |
| title_fullStr | Oxygen Sensor-Based Respirometry and the Landscape of Microbial Testing Methods as Applicable to Food and Beverage Matrices |
| title_full_unstemmed | Oxygen Sensor-Based Respirometry and the Landscape of Microbial Testing Methods as Applicable to Food and Beverage Matrices |
| title_short | Oxygen Sensor-Based Respirometry and the Landscape of Microbial Testing Methods as Applicable to Food and Beverage Matrices |
| title_sort | oxygen sensor based respirometry and the landscape of microbial testing methods as applicable to food and beverage matrices |
| topic | microbial testing rapid methods food quality and safety optical oxygen respirometry oxygen sensor and biosensor systems |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/23/9/4519 |
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