Single-Objective Optimization of a CMOS VCO Considering PVT and Monte Carlo Simulations
The optimization of analog integrated circuits requires to take into account a number of considerations and trade-offs that are specific to each circuit, meaning that each case of design may be subject to different constraints to accomplish target specifications. This paper shows the single-objectiv...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-12-01
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| Series: | Mathematical and Computational Applications |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8747/25/4/76 |
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| author | Perla Rubi Castañeda-Aviña Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle Luis Gerardo de la Fraga |
| author_facet | Perla Rubi Castañeda-Aviña Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle Luis Gerardo de la Fraga |
| author_sort | Perla Rubi Castañeda-Aviña |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The optimization of analog integrated circuits requires to take into account a number of considerations and trade-offs that are specific to each circuit, meaning that each case of design may be subject to different constraints to accomplish target specifications. This paper shows the single-objective optimization of a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) four-stage voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to maximize the oscillation frequency. The stages are designed by using CMOS current-mode logic or differential pairs and are connected in a ring structure. The optimization is performed by applying differential evolution (DE) algorithm, in which the design variables are the control voltage and the transistors’ widths and lengths. The objective is maximizing the oscillation frequency under the constraints so that the CMOS VCO be robust to Monte Carlo simulations and to process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations. The optimization results show that DE provides feasible solutions oscillating at 5 GHz with a wide control voltage range and robust to both Monte Carlo and PVT analyses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:21:25Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-71f4aeeb1f6a43b2803ed7aeec9d9b72 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1300-686X 2297-8747 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T14:21:25Z |
| publishDate | 2020-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Mathematical and Computational Applications |
| spelling | doaj.art-71f4aeeb1f6a43b2803ed7aeec9d9b722023-11-20T23:21:42ZengMDPI AGMathematical and Computational Applications1300-686X2297-87472020-12-012547610.3390/mca25040076Single-Objective Optimization of a CMOS VCO Considering PVT and Monte Carlo SimulationsPerla Rubi Castañeda-Aviña0Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle1Luis Gerardo de la Fraga2Department of Electronics, INAOE, Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, MexicoDepartment of Electronics, INAOE, Tonantzintla, Puebla 72840, MexicoComputer Science Department, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute (CINVESTAV), Ciudad de Mexico 07360, MexicoThe optimization of analog integrated circuits requires to take into account a number of considerations and trade-offs that are specific to each circuit, meaning that each case of design may be subject to different constraints to accomplish target specifications. This paper shows the single-objective optimization of a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) four-stage voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to maximize the oscillation frequency. The stages are designed by using CMOS current-mode logic or differential pairs and are connected in a ring structure. The optimization is performed by applying differential evolution (DE) algorithm, in which the design variables are the control voltage and the transistors’ widths and lengths. The objective is maximizing the oscillation frequency under the constraints so that the CMOS VCO be robust to Monte Carlo simulations and to process-voltage-temperature (PVT) variations. The optimization results show that DE provides feasible solutions oscillating at 5 GHz with a wide control voltage range and robust to both Monte Carlo and PVT analyses.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8747/25/4/76VCOdifferential evolutionCMOS differential pairPVT variationsMonte Carlo analysis |
| spellingShingle | Perla Rubi Castañeda-Aviña Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle Luis Gerardo de la Fraga Single-Objective Optimization of a CMOS VCO Considering PVT and Monte Carlo Simulations Mathematical and Computational Applications VCO differential evolution CMOS differential pair PVT variations Monte Carlo analysis |
| title | Single-Objective Optimization of a CMOS VCO Considering PVT and Monte Carlo Simulations |
| title_full | Single-Objective Optimization of a CMOS VCO Considering PVT and Monte Carlo Simulations |
| title_fullStr | Single-Objective Optimization of a CMOS VCO Considering PVT and Monte Carlo Simulations |
| title_full_unstemmed | Single-Objective Optimization of a CMOS VCO Considering PVT and Monte Carlo Simulations |
| title_short | Single-Objective Optimization of a CMOS VCO Considering PVT and Monte Carlo Simulations |
| title_sort | single objective optimization of a cmos vco considering pvt and monte carlo simulations |
| topic | VCO differential evolution CMOS differential pair PVT variations Monte Carlo analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8747/25/4/76 |
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