Salinity change evokes stress and immune responses in Atlantic salmon with microalgae showing limited potential for dietary mitigation
Smoltification was found to impact both immune and stress responses of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), but little is known about how salinity change affects salmon months after completed smoltification. Here, we examined (1) the effect of salinity change from brackish water to seawater on the...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2024-02-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Physiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2024.1338858/full |
| _version_ | 1797316790633627648 |
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| author | Doret R. van Muilekom Jonas Mueller Jonas Mueller Jacqueline Lindemeyer Thekla Schultheiß Edmund Maser Henrike Seibel Alexander Rebl Carsten Schulz Carsten Schulz Tom Goldammer Tom Goldammer |
| author_facet | Doret R. van Muilekom Jonas Mueller Jonas Mueller Jacqueline Lindemeyer Thekla Schultheiß Edmund Maser Henrike Seibel Alexander Rebl Carsten Schulz Carsten Schulz Tom Goldammer Tom Goldammer |
| author_sort | Doret R. van Muilekom |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Smoltification was found to impact both immune and stress responses of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), but little is known about how salinity change affects salmon months after completed smoltification. Here, we examined (1) the effect of salinity change from brackish water to seawater on the stress and immune responses in Atlantic salmon and (2) evaluated if functional diets enriched with microalgae can mitigate stress- and immune-related changes. Groups of Atlantic salmon were fed for 8 weeks with different microalgae-enriched diets in brackish water and were then transferred into seawater. Samples of the head kidney, gill, liver and plasma were taken before seawater transfer (SWT), 20 h after SWT, and 2 weeks after SWT for gene-expression analysis, plasma biochemistry and protein quantification. The salmon showed full osmoregulatory ability upon transfer to seawater reflected by high nkaα1b levels in the gill and tight plasma ion regulation. In the gill, one-third of 44 investigated genes were reduced at either 20 h or 2 weeks in seawater, including genes involved in cytokine signaling (il1b) and antiviral defense (isg15, rsad2, ifit5). In contrast, an acute response after 20 h in SW was apparent in the head kidney reflected by increased plasma stress indicators and induced expression of genes involved in acute-phase response (drtp1), antimicrobial defense (camp) and stress response (hspa5). However, after 2 weeks in seawater, the expression of antiviral genes (isg15, rsad2, znfx1) was reduced in the head kidney. Few genes (camp, clra, c1ql2) in the gill were downregulated by a diet with 8% inclusion of Athrospira platensis. The results of the present study indicate that salinity change months after smoltification evokes molecular stress- and immune responses in Atlantic salmon. However, microalgae-enriched functional diets seem to have only limited potential to mitigate the related changes. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:24:27Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-720753bd38344644b7b114618b695a31 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-042X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T03:24:27Z |
| publishDate | 2024-02-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Physiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-720753bd38344644b7b114618b695a312024-02-12T04:25:35ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Physiology1664-042X2024-02-011510.3389/fphys.2024.13388581338858Salinity change evokes stress and immune responses in Atlantic salmon with microalgae showing limited potential for dietary mitigationDoret R. van Muilekom0Jonas Mueller1Jonas Mueller2Jacqueline Lindemeyer3Thekla Schultheiß4Edmund Maser5Henrike Seibel6Alexander Rebl7Carsten Schulz8Carsten Schulz9Tom Goldammer10Tom Goldammer11Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, GermanyDepartment for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Kiel University, Kiel, GermanyFraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources, Büsum, GermanyInstitute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, GermanyInstitute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, GermanyInstitute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, GermanyFraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources, Büsum, GermanyFish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, GermanyDepartment for Marine Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Kiel University, Kiel, GermanyFraunhofer Research Institution for Individualized and Cell-Based Medical Engineering IMTE, Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources, Büsum, GermanyFish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, GermanyFaculty of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, GermanySmoltification was found to impact both immune and stress responses of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), but little is known about how salinity change affects salmon months after completed smoltification. Here, we examined (1) the effect of salinity change from brackish water to seawater on the stress and immune responses in Atlantic salmon and (2) evaluated if functional diets enriched with microalgae can mitigate stress- and immune-related changes. Groups of Atlantic salmon were fed for 8 weeks with different microalgae-enriched diets in brackish water and were then transferred into seawater. Samples of the head kidney, gill, liver and plasma were taken before seawater transfer (SWT), 20 h after SWT, and 2 weeks after SWT for gene-expression analysis, plasma biochemistry and protein quantification. The salmon showed full osmoregulatory ability upon transfer to seawater reflected by high nkaα1b levels in the gill and tight plasma ion regulation. In the gill, one-third of 44 investigated genes were reduced at either 20 h or 2 weeks in seawater, including genes involved in cytokine signaling (il1b) and antiviral defense (isg15, rsad2, ifit5). In contrast, an acute response after 20 h in SW was apparent in the head kidney reflected by increased plasma stress indicators and induced expression of genes involved in acute-phase response (drtp1), antimicrobial defense (camp) and stress response (hspa5). However, after 2 weeks in seawater, the expression of antiviral genes (isg15, rsad2, znfx1) was reduced in the head kidney. Few genes (camp, clra, c1ql2) in the gill were downregulated by a diet with 8% inclusion of Athrospira platensis. The results of the present study indicate that salinity change months after smoltification evokes molecular stress- and immune responses in Atlantic salmon. However, microalgae-enriched functional diets seem to have only limited potential to mitigate the related changes.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2024.1338858/fullmicroalgaesalmonsmoltificationsalinityimmunityfunctional feed |
| spellingShingle | Doret R. van Muilekom Jonas Mueller Jonas Mueller Jacqueline Lindemeyer Thekla Schultheiß Edmund Maser Henrike Seibel Alexander Rebl Carsten Schulz Carsten Schulz Tom Goldammer Tom Goldammer Salinity change evokes stress and immune responses in Atlantic salmon with microalgae showing limited potential for dietary mitigation Frontiers in Physiology microalgae salmon smoltification salinity immunity functional feed |
| title | Salinity change evokes stress and immune responses in Atlantic salmon with microalgae showing limited potential for dietary mitigation |
| title_full | Salinity change evokes stress and immune responses in Atlantic salmon with microalgae showing limited potential for dietary mitigation |
| title_fullStr | Salinity change evokes stress and immune responses in Atlantic salmon with microalgae showing limited potential for dietary mitigation |
| title_full_unstemmed | Salinity change evokes stress and immune responses in Atlantic salmon with microalgae showing limited potential for dietary mitigation |
| title_short | Salinity change evokes stress and immune responses in Atlantic salmon with microalgae showing limited potential for dietary mitigation |
| title_sort | salinity change evokes stress and immune responses in atlantic salmon with microalgae showing limited potential for dietary mitigation |
| topic | microalgae salmon smoltification salinity immunity functional feed |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2024.1338858/full |
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