Simultaneous CD8<sup>+</sup> T-Cell Immune Response against SARS-Cov-2 S, M, and N Induced by Endogenously Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Both Spleen and Lungs
Most advanced vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 are designed to induce antibodies against spike (S) protein. Differently, we developed an original strategy to induce CD8<sup>+</sup> T cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) immunity based on in vivo engineeri...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Vaccines |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/3/240 |
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| author | Flavia Ferrantelli Chiara Chiozzini Francesco Manfredi Andrea Giovannelli Patrizia Leone Maurizio Federico |
| author_facet | Flavia Ferrantelli Chiara Chiozzini Francesco Manfredi Andrea Giovannelli Patrizia Leone Maurizio Federico |
| author_sort | Flavia Ferrantelli |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Most advanced vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 are designed to induce antibodies against spike (S) protein. Differently, we developed an original strategy to induce CD8<sup>+</sup> T cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) immunity based on in vivo engineering of extracellular vesicles (EVs). This is a new vaccination approach based on intramuscular injection of DNA expression vectors coding for a biologically inactive HIV-1 Nef protein (Nef<sup>mut</sup>) with an unusually high efficiency of incorporation into EVs, even when foreign polypeptides are fused to its C-terminus. Nanovesicles containing Nef<sup>mut</sup>-fused antigens released by muscle cells can freely circulate into the body and are internalized by antigen-presenting cells. Therefore, EV-associated antigens can be cross-presented to prime antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cells. To apply this technology to a strategy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, we designed DNA vectors expressing the products of fusion between Nef<sup>mut</sup> and different viral antigens, namely N- and C-terminal moieties of S (referred to as S1 and S2), M, and N. We provided evidence that all fusion products are efficiently uploaded in EVs. When the respective DNA vectors were injected in mice, a strong antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell immunity became detectable in spleens and, most important, in lung airways. Co-injection of DNA vectors expressing the diverse SARS-CoV-2 antigens resulted in additive immune responses in both spleen and lungs. Hence, DNA vectors expressing Nef<sup>mut</sup>-based fusion proteins can be proposed for new anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine strategies. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:23:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-72125878bdb04ff2b5ec0ad58334154f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-393X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T13:23:14Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Vaccines |
| spelling | doaj.art-72125878bdb04ff2b5ec0ad58334154f2023-11-21T09:52:44ZengMDPI AGVaccines2076-393X2021-03-019324010.3390/vaccines9030240Simultaneous CD8<sup>+</sup> T-Cell Immune Response against SARS-Cov-2 S, M, and N Induced by Endogenously Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Both Spleen and LungsFlavia Ferrantelli0Chiara Chiozzini1Francesco Manfredi2Andrea Giovannelli3Patrizia Leone4Maurizio Federico5National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyNational Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyNational Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyNational Center for Animal Experimentation and Welfare, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyNational Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyNational Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, ItalyMost advanced vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 are designed to induce antibodies against spike (S) protein. Differently, we developed an original strategy to induce CD8<sup>+</sup> T cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) immunity based on in vivo engineering of extracellular vesicles (EVs). This is a new vaccination approach based on intramuscular injection of DNA expression vectors coding for a biologically inactive HIV-1 Nef protein (Nef<sup>mut</sup>) with an unusually high efficiency of incorporation into EVs, even when foreign polypeptides are fused to its C-terminus. Nanovesicles containing Nef<sup>mut</sup>-fused antigens released by muscle cells can freely circulate into the body and are internalized by antigen-presenting cells. Therefore, EV-associated antigens can be cross-presented to prime antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cells. To apply this technology to a strategy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, we designed DNA vectors expressing the products of fusion between Nef<sup>mut</sup> and different viral antigens, namely N- and C-terminal moieties of S (referred to as S1 and S2), M, and N. We provided evidence that all fusion products are efficiently uploaded in EVs. When the respective DNA vectors were injected in mice, a strong antigen-specific CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell immunity became detectable in spleens and, most important, in lung airways. Co-injection of DNA vectors expressing the diverse SARS-CoV-2 antigens resulted in additive immune responses in both spleen and lungs. Hence, DNA vectors expressing Nef<sup>mut</sup>-based fusion proteins can be proposed for new anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine strategies.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/3/240SARS-CoV-2extracellular vesiclesCD8<sup>+</sup> T cell immunityNef |
| spellingShingle | Flavia Ferrantelli Chiara Chiozzini Francesco Manfredi Andrea Giovannelli Patrizia Leone Maurizio Federico Simultaneous CD8<sup>+</sup> T-Cell Immune Response against SARS-Cov-2 S, M, and N Induced by Endogenously Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Both Spleen and Lungs Vaccines SARS-CoV-2 extracellular vesicles CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell immunity Nef |
| title | Simultaneous CD8<sup>+</sup> T-Cell Immune Response against SARS-Cov-2 S, M, and N Induced by Endogenously Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Both Spleen and Lungs |
| title_full | Simultaneous CD8<sup>+</sup> T-Cell Immune Response against SARS-Cov-2 S, M, and N Induced by Endogenously Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Both Spleen and Lungs |
| title_fullStr | Simultaneous CD8<sup>+</sup> T-Cell Immune Response against SARS-Cov-2 S, M, and N Induced by Endogenously Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Both Spleen and Lungs |
| title_full_unstemmed | Simultaneous CD8<sup>+</sup> T-Cell Immune Response against SARS-Cov-2 S, M, and N Induced by Endogenously Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Both Spleen and Lungs |
| title_short | Simultaneous CD8<sup>+</sup> T-Cell Immune Response against SARS-Cov-2 S, M, and N Induced by Endogenously Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Both Spleen and Lungs |
| title_sort | simultaneous cd8 sup sup t cell immune response against sars cov 2 s m and n induced by endogenously engineered extracellular vesicles in both spleen and lungs |
| topic | SARS-CoV-2 extracellular vesicles CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell immunity Nef |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/3/240 |
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