PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Bound Heavy Metals in Southwestern China: Characterization, Sources, and Health Risks
The health risks of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound heavy metals have attracted extensive attention recently. In order to evaluate those deleterious effects on human health more accurately, and to propose proper measures to reduce health risks of air pollution, the conduction of a source-specific...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-07-01
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| Series: | Atmosphere |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/7/929 |
| _version_ | 1797527596441796608 |
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| author | Yan Han Zhichao Wang Jiawei Zhou Hanxiong Che Mi Tian Huanbo Wang Guangming Shi Fumo Yang Shumin Zhang Yang Chen |
| author_facet | Yan Han Zhichao Wang Jiawei Zhou Hanxiong Che Mi Tian Huanbo Wang Guangming Shi Fumo Yang Shumin Zhang Yang Chen |
| author_sort | Yan Han |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The health risks of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound heavy metals have attracted extensive attention recently. In order to evaluate those deleterious effects on human health more accurately, and to propose proper measures to reduce health risks of air pollution, the conduction of a source-specific health risk assessment is necessary. Based on daily collected PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples at different functional sites during winter 2019 in a megacity Chongqing, China, combining source apportionment results from PMF and health risk assessment from the U.S. EPA, the source-specific health risks from PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound heavy metals were given. Six types of PM<sub>2.5</sub> sources have been identified, coal burning (25.5%), motor vehicles (22.8%), industrial emissions (20.5%), biomass burning (15.9%), dust (7.8%), and ship emissions (7.5%). Results showed that the total hazard quotient (HQ) was 0.32 and the total carcinogenic risks (CR) were 2.09 × 10<sup>−6</sup> for children and 8.36 × 10<sup>−6</sup> for adults, implying certain risks for local residents. Industrial emissions related with Cr posed both the highest carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic risk (contributing 25% CR and 36% HQ). Coal combustion (associated with Cr, As, and Mn) contributed 15.46% CR and 20.64% HQ, while biomass burning and motor vehicles shared 19.99% and 19.05% of the total CR, respectively. This work indicated that health risks of air pollution sources were the combined effects of the source contribution and chemical components. In order to control the health risks of PM<sub>2.5</sub> to the local residents, the priority of targeted emission sources should be adopted for industrial emissions, biomass burning, vehicle emissions, and coal combustion sources. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:45:58Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4433 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T09:45:58Z |
| publishDate | 2021-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Atmosphere |
| spelling | doaj.art-728ae300a53f4fcdbee3630e271812d22023-11-22T03:14:56ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332021-07-0112792910.3390/atmos12070929PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Bound Heavy Metals in Southwestern China: Characterization, Sources, and Health RisksYan Han0Zhichao Wang1Jiawei Zhou2Hanxiong Che3Mi Tian4Huanbo Wang5Guangming Shi6Fumo Yang7Shumin Zhang8Yang Chen9Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, ChinaResearch Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, ChinaResearch Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, ChinaResearch Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, ChinaSchool of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, ChinaSchool of Environment and Resource, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, ChinaCollege of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, ChinaCollege of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, ChinaSchool of Basic Medical Sciences, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, ChinaResearch Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, ChinaThe health risks of PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound heavy metals have attracted extensive attention recently. In order to evaluate those deleterious effects on human health more accurately, and to propose proper measures to reduce health risks of air pollution, the conduction of a source-specific health risk assessment is necessary. Based on daily collected PM<sub>2.5</sub> samples at different functional sites during winter 2019 in a megacity Chongqing, China, combining source apportionment results from PMF and health risk assessment from the U.S. EPA, the source-specific health risks from PM<sub>2.5</sub>-bound heavy metals were given. Six types of PM<sub>2.5</sub> sources have been identified, coal burning (25.5%), motor vehicles (22.8%), industrial emissions (20.5%), biomass burning (15.9%), dust (7.8%), and ship emissions (7.5%). Results showed that the total hazard quotient (HQ) was 0.32 and the total carcinogenic risks (CR) were 2.09 × 10<sup>−6</sup> for children and 8.36 × 10<sup>−6</sup> for adults, implying certain risks for local residents. Industrial emissions related with Cr posed both the highest carcinogenic risk and noncarcinogenic risk (contributing 25% CR and 36% HQ). Coal combustion (associated with Cr, As, and Mn) contributed 15.46% CR and 20.64% HQ, while biomass burning and motor vehicles shared 19.99% and 19.05% of the total CR, respectively. This work indicated that health risks of air pollution sources were the combined effects of the source contribution and chemical components. In order to control the health risks of PM<sub>2.5</sub> to the local residents, the priority of targeted emission sources should be adopted for industrial emissions, biomass burning, vehicle emissions, and coal combustion sources.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/7/929PM<sub>2.5</sub>heavy metalhealth risk sourcesair pollution |
| spellingShingle | Yan Han Zhichao Wang Jiawei Zhou Hanxiong Che Mi Tian Huanbo Wang Guangming Shi Fumo Yang Shumin Zhang Yang Chen PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Bound Heavy Metals in Southwestern China: Characterization, Sources, and Health Risks Atmosphere PM<sub>2.5</sub> heavy metal health risk sources air pollution |
| title | PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Bound Heavy Metals in Southwestern China: Characterization, Sources, and Health Risks |
| title_full | PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Bound Heavy Metals in Southwestern China: Characterization, Sources, and Health Risks |
| title_fullStr | PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Bound Heavy Metals in Southwestern China: Characterization, Sources, and Health Risks |
| title_full_unstemmed | PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Bound Heavy Metals in Southwestern China: Characterization, Sources, and Health Risks |
| title_short | PM<sub>2.5</sub>-Bound Heavy Metals in Southwestern China: Characterization, Sources, and Health Risks |
| title_sort | pm sub 2 5 sub bound heavy metals in southwestern china characterization sources and health risks |
| topic | PM<sub>2.5</sub> heavy metal health risk sources air pollution |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/7/929 |
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