Updating Inventory, Deformation, and Development Characteristics of Landslides in Hunza Valley, NW Karakoram, Pakistan by SBAS-InSAR
The Hunza Valley, in the northwestern Karakoram Mountains, North Pakistan, is a typical region with many towns and villages, and a dense population and is prone to landslides. The present study completed landslide identification, updating a comprehensive landslide inventory and analysis. First, the...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-09-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4907 |
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| author | Xiaojun Su Yi Zhang Xingmin Meng Mohib Ur Rehman Zainab Khalid Dongxia Yue |
| author_facet | Xiaojun Su Yi Zhang Xingmin Meng Mohib Ur Rehman Zainab Khalid Dongxia Yue |
| author_sort | Xiaojun Su |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Hunza Valley, in the northwestern Karakoram Mountains, North Pakistan, is a typical region with many towns and villages, and a dense population and is prone to landslides. The present study completed landslide identification, updating a comprehensive landslide inventory and analysis. First, the ground surface deformation was detected in the Hunza Valley by SBAS-InSAR from ascending and descending datasets, respectively. Then, the locations and boundaries were interpreted and delineated, and a comprehensive inventory of 118 landslides, including the 53 most recent InSAR identified active landslides and 65 landslides cited from the literature, was completed. This study firstly named all 118 landslides, considering the demand for globally intensive research and hazard mitigation. Finally, the deformation, spatial–topographic development, and distribution characteristics in the Hunza Valley scale and three large significant landslides were analyzed. Information on 72 reported landslides was used to construct an empirical power law relationship linking landslide area (A<sub>L</sub>) to volume (V<sub>L</sub>) (V<sub>L</sub> = 0.067 × A<sub>L</sub><sup>1.351</sup>), and this formula predicted the volume of 118 landslides in this study. We discovered that the landslides from the literature, which were interpreted from optical images, had lower levels of velocity, area, elevation, and height. The SBAS-InSAR-detected active landslide was characterized by higher velocity, larger area, higher elevation, larger slope gradient, larger NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), and greater height. The melting glacier water and rainfall infiltration from cracks on the landslide’s upper part may promote the action of a push from gravity on the upper part. Simultaneously, the coupling of actions from river erosion and active tectonics could have an impact on the stability of the slope toe. The up-to-date comprehensive identification and understanding of the characteristics and mechanism of landslide development in this study provide a reference for the next step in landslide disaster prevention and risk assessment. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:13:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-72a8eb265a08476ea0a77e805bca3c21 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T21:13:01Z |
| publishDate | 2022-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-72a8eb265a08476ea0a77e805bca3c212023-11-23T21:40:39ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-09-011419490710.3390/rs14194907Updating Inventory, Deformation, and Development Characteristics of Landslides in Hunza Valley, NW Karakoram, Pakistan by SBAS-InSARXiaojun Su0Yi Zhang1Xingmin Meng2Mohib Ur Rehman3Zainab Khalid4Dongxia Yue5MOE Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems, School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems, School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems, School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems, School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems, School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaMOE Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems, School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, ChinaThe Hunza Valley, in the northwestern Karakoram Mountains, North Pakistan, is a typical region with many towns and villages, and a dense population and is prone to landslides. The present study completed landslide identification, updating a comprehensive landslide inventory and analysis. First, the ground surface deformation was detected in the Hunza Valley by SBAS-InSAR from ascending and descending datasets, respectively. Then, the locations and boundaries were interpreted and delineated, and a comprehensive inventory of 118 landslides, including the 53 most recent InSAR identified active landslides and 65 landslides cited from the literature, was completed. This study firstly named all 118 landslides, considering the demand for globally intensive research and hazard mitigation. Finally, the deformation, spatial–topographic development, and distribution characteristics in the Hunza Valley scale and three large significant landslides were analyzed. Information on 72 reported landslides was used to construct an empirical power law relationship linking landslide area (A<sub>L</sub>) to volume (V<sub>L</sub>) (V<sub>L</sub> = 0.067 × A<sub>L</sub><sup>1.351</sup>), and this formula predicted the volume of 118 landslides in this study. We discovered that the landslides from the literature, which were interpreted from optical images, had lower levels of velocity, area, elevation, and height. The SBAS-InSAR-detected active landslide was characterized by higher velocity, larger area, higher elevation, larger slope gradient, larger NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index), and greater height. The melting glacier water and rainfall infiltration from cracks on the landslide’s upper part may promote the action of a push from gravity on the upper part. Simultaneously, the coupling of actions from river erosion and active tectonics could have an impact on the stability of the slope toe. The up-to-date comprehensive identification and understanding of the characteristics and mechanism of landslide development in this study provide a reference for the next step in landslide disaster prevention and risk assessment.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4907landslideInSARlandslide inventoryslope displacementHunzaPakistan |
| spellingShingle | Xiaojun Su Yi Zhang Xingmin Meng Mohib Ur Rehman Zainab Khalid Dongxia Yue Updating Inventory, Deformation, and Development Characteristics of Landslides in Hunza Valley, NW Karakoram, Pakistan by SBAS-InSAR Remote Sensing landslide InSAR landslide inventory slope displacement Hunza Pakistan |
| title | Updating Inventory, Deformation, and Development Characteristics of Landslides in Hunza Valley, NW Karakoram, Pakistan by SBAS-InSAR |
| title_full | Updating Inventory, Deformation, and Development Characteristics of Landslides in Hunza Valley, NW Karakoram, Pakistan by SBAS-InSAR |
| title_fullStr | Updating Inventory, Deformation, and Development Characteristics of Landslides in Hunza Valley, NW Karakoram, Pakistan by SBAS-InSAR |
| title_full_unstemmed | Updating Inventory, Deformation, and Development Characteristics of Landslides in Hunza Valley, NW Karakoram, Pakistan by SBAS-InSAR |
| title_short | Updating Inventory, Deformation, and Development Characteristics of Landslides in Hunza Valley, NW Karakoram, Pakistan by SBAS-InSAR |
| title_sort | updating inventory deformation and development characteristics of landslides in hunza valley nw karakoram pakistan by sbas insar |
| topic | landslide InSAR landslide inventory slope displacement Hunza Pakistan |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/19/4907 |
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