Cognitive Performance and Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Children: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Two European Mother–Child Cohorts
The knowledge of the effects of organophosphate flame retardants on children’s neurodevelopment is limited. The purpose of the present research is to evaluate the association between exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and children’s neurodevelopment in two European cohorts involved in the...
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MDPI AG
2023-10-01
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| Series: | Toxics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/11/878 |
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| author | Valentina Rosolen Elisa Giordani Marika Mariuz Maria Parpinel Vicente Mustieles Liese Gilles Eva Govarts Laura Rodriguez Martin Kirsten Baken Greet Schoeters Ovnair Sepai Eva Sovcikova Lucia Fabelova Jiři Kohoutek Tina Kold Jensen Adrian Covaci Maarten Roggeman Lisa Melymuk Jana Klánová Argelia Castano Marta Esteban López Fabio Barbone |
| author_facet | Valentina Rosolen Elisa Giordani Marika Mariuz Maria Parpinel Vicente Mustieles Liese Gilles Eva Govarts Laura Rodriguez Martin Kirsten Baken Greet Schoeters Ovnair Sepai Eva Sovcikova Lucia Fabelova Jiři Kohoutek Tina Kold Jensen Adrian Covaci Maarten Roggeman Lisa Melymuk Jana Klánová Argelia Castano Marta Esteban López Fabio Barbone |
| author_sort | Valentina Rosolen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The knowledge of the effects of organophosphate flame retardants on children’s neurodevelopment is limited. The purpose of the present research is to evaluate the association between exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and children’s neurodevelopment in two European cohorts involved in the Human Biomonitoring Initiative Aligned Studies. The participants were school-aged children belonging to the Odense Child Cohort (Denmark) and the PCB cohort (Slovakia). In each cohort, the children’s neurodevelopment was assessed through the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient score of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, using two different editions. The children’s urine samples, collected at one point in time, were analyzed for several metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants. The association between neurodevelopment and each organophosphate flame retardant metabolite was explored by applying separate multiple linear regressions based on the approach of MM-estimation in each cohort. In the Danish cohort, the mean ± standard deviation for the neurodevelopment score was 98 ± 12; the geometric mean (95% confidence interval (95% CI)) of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) standardized by creatinine (crt) was 0.52 µg/g crt (95% CI = 0.49; 0.60), while that of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) standardized by crt was 1.44 µg/g crt (95% CI = 1.31; 1.58). The neurodevelopment score showed a small, negative, statistically imprecise trend with BDCIPP standardized by crt (<i>β</i> = −1.30; 95%CI = −2.72; 0.11; <i>p</i>-value = 0.07) and no clear association with DPHP standardized by crt (<i>β</i> = −0.98; 95%CI = −2.96; 0.99; <i>p</i>-value = 0.33). The neurodevelopment score showed a negative trend with BDCIPP (<i>β</i> = −1.42; 95% CI = −2.70; −0.06; <i>p</i>-value = 0.04) and no clear association with DPHP (<i>β</i> = −1.09; 95% CI = −2.87; 0.68; <i>p</i>-value = 0.23). In the Slovakian cohort, the mean ± standard deviation for the neurodevelopment score was 81 ± 15; the geometric mean of BDCIPP standardized by crt was 0.18 µg/g crt (95% CI = 0.16; 0.20), while that of DPHP standardized by crt was 2.24 µg/g crt (95% CI = 2.00; 3.52). The association of the neurodevelopment score with BDCIPP standardized by crt was −0.49 (95%CI = −1.85; 0.87; <i>p</i>-value = 0.48), and with DPHP standardized by crt it was −0.35 (95%CI = −1.90; 1.20; <i>p</i>-value = 0.66). No clear associations were observed between the neurodevelopment score and BDCIPP/DPHP concentrations that were not standardized by crt. No clear associations were observed with bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) in either cohort, due to the low detection frequency of this compound. In conclusion, this study provides only limited evidence of an inverse association between neurodevelopment and exposure to BDCIPP and DPHP. The timing of exposure and effect modification of other organophosphate flame retardant metabolites and other substances should be the subject of further investigations that address this scientific hypothesis. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:24:37Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2305-6304 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T16:24:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-10-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-72bcd4f8330e4996a9795801b196cdd82023-11-24T15:09:13ZengMDPI AGToxics2305-63042023-10-01111187810.3390/toxics11110878Cognitive Performance and Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Children: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Two European Mother–Child CohortsValentina Rosolen0Elisa Giordani1Marika Mariuz2Maria Parpinel3Vicente Mustieles4Liese Gilles5Eva Govarts6Laura Rodriguez Martin7Kirsten Baken8Greet Schoeters9Ovnair Sepai10Eva Sovcikova11Lucia Fabelova12Jiři Kohoutek13Tina Kold Jensen14Adrian Covaci15Maarten Roggeman16Lisa Melymuk17Jana Klánová18Argelia Castano19Marta Esteban López20Fabio Barbone21Central Directorate for Health, Social Policies and Disability, Friuli Venezia Giulia Region, Via Cassa Di Risparmio 10, 34121 Trieste, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, ItalyDepartment of Medicine, University of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100 Udine, ItalyCenter for Biomedical Research, University of Granada, 18012 Granada, SpainVITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, BelgiumVITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, BelgiumVITO Health, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, BelgiumBrabantAdvies, Brabantlaan 3, 5216 TV ‘s-Hertogenbosch, The NetherlandsDepartment of Biomedical Sciences & Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp—Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610 Antwerp, BelgiumToxicology Department, Science Group, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0RQ, UKDepartment of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, 83303 Bratislava, SlovakiaDepartment of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, 83303 Bratislava, SlovakiaRECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech RepublicDepartment of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, DenmarkToxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610 Antwerp, BelgiumToxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, 2610 Antwerp, BelgiumRECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech RepublicRECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech RepublicNational Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, SpainNational Centre for Environmental Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, SpainDepartment of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume, 447, 34149 Trieste, ItalyThe knowledge of the effects of organophosphate flame retardants on children’s neurodevelopment is limited. The purpose of the present research is to evaluate the association between exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and children’s neurodevelopment in two European cohorts involved in the Human Biomonitoring Initiative Aligned Studies. The participants were school-aged children belonging to the Odense Child Cohort (Denmark) and the PCB cohort (Slovakia). In each cohort, the children’s neurodevelopment was assessed through the Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient score of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, using two different editions. The children’s urine samples, collected at one point in time, were analyzed for several metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants. The association between neurodevelopment and each organophosphate flame retardant metabolite was explored by applying separate multiple linear regressions based on the approach of MM-estimation in each cohort. In the Danish cohort, the mean ± standard deviation for the neurodevelopment score was 98 ± 12; the geometric mean (95% confidence interval (95% CI)) of bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) standardized by creatinine (crt) was 0.52 µg/g crt (95% CI = 0.49; 0.60), while that of diphenyl phosphate (DPHP) standardized by crt was 1.44 µg/g crt (95% CI = 1.31; 1.58). The neurodevelopment score showed a small, negative, statistically imprecise trend with BDCIPP standardized by crt (<i>β</i> = −1.30; 95%CI = −2.72; 0.11; <i>p</i>-value = 0.07) and no clear association with DPHP standardized by crt (<i>β</i> = −0.98; 95%CI = −2.96; 0.99; <i>p</i>-value = 0.33). The neurodevelopment score showed a negative trend with BDCIPP (<i>β</i> = −1.42; 95% CI = −2.70; −0.06; <i>p</i>-value = 0.04) and no clear association with DPHP (<i>β</i> = −1.09; 95% CI = −2.87; 0.68; <i>p</i>-value = 0.23). In the Slovakian cohort, the mean ± standard deviation for the neurodevelopment score was 81 ± 15; the geometric mean of BDCIPP standardized by crt was 0.18 µg/g crt (95% CI = 0.16; 0.20), while that of DPHP standardized by crt was 2.24 µg/g crt (95% CI = 2.00; 3.52). The association of the neurodevelopment score with BDCIPP standardized by crt was −0.49 (95%CI = −1.85; 0.87; <i>p</i>-value = 0.48), and with DPHP standardized by crt it was −0.35 (95%CI = −1.90; 1.20; <i>p</i>-value = 0.66). No clear associations were observed between the neurodevelopment score and BDCIPP/DPHP concentrations that were not standardized by crt. No clear associations were observed with bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP) in either cohort, due to the low detection frequency of this compound. In conclusion, this study provides only limited evidence of an inverse association between neurodevelopment and exposure to BDCIPP and DPHP. The timing of exposure and effect modification of other organophosphate flame retardant metabolites and other substances should be the subject of further investigations that address this scientific hypothesis.https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/11/878human biomonitoringchildrenorganophosphate flame retardantsneurodevelopmentWISCHBM4EU Aligned Studies |
| spellingShingle | Valentina Rosolen Elisa Giordani Marika Mariuz Maria Parpinel Vicente Mustieles Liese Gilles Eva Govarts Laura Rodriguez Martin Kirsten Baken Greet Schoeters Ovnair Sepai Eva Sovcikova Lucia Fabelova Jiři Kohoutek Tina Kold Jensen Adrian Covaci Maarten Roggeman Lisa Melymuk Jana Klánová Argelia Castano Marta Esteban López Fabio Barbone Cognitive Performance and Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Children: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Two European Mother–Child Cohorts Toxics human biomonitoring children organophosphate flame retardants neurodevelopment WISC HBM4EU Aligned Studies |
| title | Cognitive Performance and Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Children: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Two European Mother–Child Cohorts |
| title_full | Cognitive Performance and Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Children: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Two European Mother–Child Cohorts |
| title_fullStr | Cognitive Performance and Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Children: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Two European Mother–Child Cohorts |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cognitive Performance and Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Children: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Two European Mother–Child Cohorts |
| title_short | Cognitive Performance and Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Children: Evidence from a Cross-Sectional Analysis of Two European Mother–Child Cohorts |
| title_sort | cognitive performance and exposure to organophosphate flame retardants in children evidence from a cross sectional analysis of two european mother child cohorts |
| topic | human biomonitoring children organophosphate flame retardants neurodevelopment WISC HBM4EU Aligned Studies |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6304/11/11/878 |
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