Insight into the degradation mechanism of fluorene by ferrous/humic acid activated persulfate: Free radical reactions, functional group verification and degradation pathway
This study evaluated the performance of humic acid (HA)/ferrous ion (Fe (II)) activating persulfate (PS) for fluorene (FLU) degradation. Results showed that HA/Fe(II)/PS system exhibited the best performance for PS activation to eliminate FLU. Compared to the non-activated case, the degradation effi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1083616/full |
| _version_ | 1811178452977451008 |
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| author | Haonan Li Haonan Li Haonan Li Xiaoyong Liao Xiaoyong Liao You Li You Li Qiongzhi Liu Qiongzhi Liu Qiongzhi Liu Junpeng Luo Junpeng Luo Junpeng Luo |
| author_facet | Haonan Li Haonan Li Haonan Li Xiaoyong Liao Xiaoyong Liao You Li You Li Qiongzhi Liu Qiongzhi Liu Qiongzhi Liu Junpeng Luo Junpeng Luo Junpeng Luo |
| author_sort | Haonan Li |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study evaluated the performance of humic acid (HA)/ferrous ion (Fe (II)) activating persulfate (PS) for fluorene (FLU) degradation. Results showed that HA/Fe(II)/PS system exhibited the best performance for PS activation to eliminate FLU. Compared to the non-activated case, the degradation efficiency of FLU had increased by 37%–43% in HA activated PS system. HA had significant synergistic effects on Fe (II) activated PS process, but ferric ion (Fe(III)) inhibited the degradation. We confirmed that semiquinone radical (SQ·-) acted as the dominant activating group by quenching and electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments, which promoted more radicals generated. The proportion of benzoquinone (BQ) and Fe(II) wielded a considerable influence on FLU degradation, and the optimal concentration ratio was 1:1. Four possible degradation pathways of FLU were deduced, involving ring-opening of the aromatic ring, decarboxylation, oxidative dehydrogenation and hydroxylation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T06:19:43Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-72c89f52770d4ecdb132cdcc48f76f62 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-665X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T06:19:43Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Environmental Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-72c89f52770d4ecdb132cdcc48f76f622022-12-22T04:40:51ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Environmental Science2296-665X2022-12-011010.3389/fenvs.2022.10836161083616Insight into the degradation mechanism of fluorene by ferrous/humic acid activated persulfate: Free radical reactions, functional group verification and degradation pathwayHaonan Li0Haonan Li1Haonan Li2Xiaoyong Liao3Xiaoyong Liao4You Li5You Li6Qiongzhi Liu7Qiongzhi Liu8Qiongzhi Liu9Junpeng Luo10Junpeng Luo11Junpeng Luo12Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, ChinaBeijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Damage Assessment and Remediation, Beijing, ChinaUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, ChinaThis study evaluated the performance of humic acid (HA)/ferrous ion (Fe (II)) activating persulfate (PS) for fluorene (FLU) degradation. Results showed that HA/Fe(II)/PS system exhibited the best performance for PS activation to eliminate FLU. Compared to the non-activated case, the degradation efficiency of FLU had increased by 37%–43% in HA activated PS system. HA had significant synergistic effects on Fe (II) activated PS process, but ferric ion (Fe(III)) inhibited the degradation. We confirmed that semiquinone radical (SQ·-) acted as the dominant activating group by quenching and electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments, which promoted more radicals generated. The proportion of benzoquinone (BQ) and Fe(II) wielded a considerable influence on FLU degradation, and the optimal concentration ratio was 1:1. Four possible degradation pathways of FLU were deduced, involving ring-opening of the aromatic ring, decarboxylation, oxidative dehydrogenation and hydroxylation.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1083616/fullhumic acid (HA)persulfate activationfluorenefree radicalsdegradation mechanism |
| spellingShingle | Haonan Li Haonan Li Haonan Li Xiaoyong Liao Xiaoyong Liao You Li You Li Qiongzhi Liu Qiongzhi Liu Qiongzhi Liu Junpeng Luo Junpeng Luo Junpeng Luo Insight into the degradation mechanism of fluorene by ferrous/humic acid activated persulfate: Free radical reactions, functional group verification and degradation pathway Frontiers in Environmental Science humic acid (HA) persulfate activation fluorene free radicals degradation mechanism |
| title | Insight into the degradation mechanism of fluorene by ferrous/humic acid activated persulfate: Free radical reactions, functional group verification and degradation pathway |
| title_full | Insight into the degradation mechanism of fluorene by ferrous/humic acid activated persulfate: Free radical reactions, functional group verification and degradation pathway |
| title_fullStr | Insight into the degradation mechanism of fluorene by ferrous/humic acid activated persulfate: Free radical reactions, functional group verification and degradation pathway |
| title_full_unstemmed | Insight into the degradation mechanism of fluorene by ferrous/humic acid activated persulfate: Free radical reactions, functional group verification and degradation pathway |
| title_short | Insight into the degradation mechanism of fluorene by ferrous/humic acid activated persulfate: Free radical reactions, functional group verification and degradation pathway |
| title_sort | insight into the degradation mechanism of fluorene by ferrous humic acid activated persulfate free radical reactions functional group verification and degradation pathway |
| topic | humic acid (HA) persulfate activation fluorene free radicals degradation mechanism |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.1083616/full |
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