Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stellar Mass and Redshift
The growth of supermassive black holes is strongly linked to their galaxies. It has been shown that the population mean black hole accretion rate ( $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ ) primarily correlates with the galaxy stellar mass ( M _⋆ ) and redshift for the general galaxy population. This work aims t...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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IOP Publishing
2024-01-01
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| Series: | The Astrophysical Journal |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad27cc |
| _version_ | 1797234687932891136 |
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| author | Fan Zou Zhibo Yu W. N. Brandt Hyungsuk Tak Guang Yang Qingling Ni |
| author_facet | Fan Zou Zhibo Yu W. N. Brandt Hyungsuk Tak Guang Yang Qingling Ni |
| author_sort | Fan Zou |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The growth of supermassive black holes is strongly linked to their galaxies. It has been shown that the population mean black hole accretion rate ( $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ ) primarily correlates with the galaxy stellar mass ( M _⋆ ) and redshift for the general galaxy population. This work aims to provide the best measurements of $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ as a function of M _⋆ and redshift over ranges of 10 ^9.5 < M _⋆ < 10 ^12 M _⊙ and z < 4. We compile an unprecedentedly large sample with 8000 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and 1.3 million normal galaxies from nine high-quality survey fields following a wedding cake design. We further develop a semiparametric Bayesian method that can reasonably estimate $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ and the corresponding uncertainties, even for sparsely populated regions in the parameter space. $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ is constrained by X-ray surveys sampling the AGN accretion power and UV-to-infrared multiwavelength surveys sampling the galaxy population. Our results can independently predict the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) from the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF), and the prediction is consistent with the observed XLF. We also try adding external constraints from the observed SMF and XLF. We further measure $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ for star-forming and quiescent galaxies and show that star-forming $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ is generally larger than or at least comparable to the quiescent $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ . |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T16:36:02Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-73099b2aba764b61867b6a019f8614a2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1538-4357 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T16:36:02Z |
| publishDate | 2024-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Astrophysical Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-73099b2aba764b61867b6a019f8614a22024-03-29T15:26:52ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572024-01-01964218310.3847/1538-4357/ad27ccMapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stellar Mass and RedshiftFan Zou0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4436-6923Zhibo Yu1https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6990-9058W. N. Brandt2https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0167-2453Hyungsuk Tak3https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0334-8742Guang Yang4https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8835-7722Qingling Ni5https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8577-2717Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; fanzou01@gmail.com; Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; fanzou01@gmail.com; Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; fanzou01@gmail.com; Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Physics, 104 Davey Laboratory, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USADepartment of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 525 Davey Lab, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA ; fanzou01@gmail.com; Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USA; Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, PA 16802, USAKapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen , P.O. Box 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The Netherlands; SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research , Postbus 800, 9700 AV Groningen, The NetherlandsMax-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE) , Gießenbachstraße 1, D-85748 Garching bei München, GermanyThe growth of supermassive black holes is strongly linked to their galaxies. It has been shown that the population mean black hole accretion rate ( $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ ) primarily correlates with the galaxy stellar mass ( M _⋆ ) and redshift for the general galaxy population. This work aims to provide the best measurements of $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ as a function of M _⋆ and redshift over ranges of 10 ^9.5 < M _⋆ < 10 ^12 M _⊙ and z < 4. We compile an unprecedentedly large sample with 8000 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and 1.3 million normal galaxies from nine high-quality survey fields following a wedding cake design. We further develop a semiparametric Bayesian method that can reasonably estimate $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ and the corresponding uncertainties, even for sparsely populated regions in the parameter space. $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ is constrained by X-ray surveys sampling the AGN accretion power and UV-to-infrared multiwavelength surveys sampling the galaxy population. Our results can independently predict the X-ray luminosity function (XLF) from the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF), and the prediction is consistent with the observed XLF. We also try adding external constraints from the observed SMF and XLF. We further measure $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ for star-forming and quiescent galaxies and show that star-forming $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ is generally larger than or at least comparable to the quiescent $\overline{\mathrm{BHAR}}$ .https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad27ccSupermassive black holesX-ray active galactic nucleiGalaxies |
| spellingShingle | Fan Zou Zhibo Yu W. N. Brandt Hyungsuk Tak Guang Yang Qingling Ni Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stellar Mass and Redshift The Astrophysical Journal Supermassive black holes X-ray active galactic nuclei Galaxies |
| title | Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stellar Mass and Redshift |
| title_full | Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stellar Mass and Redshift |
| title_fullStr | Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stellar Mass and Redshift |
| title_full_unstemmed | Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stellar Mass and Redshift |
| title_short | Mapping the Growth of Supermassive Black Holes as a Function of Galaxy Stellar Mass and Redshift |
| title_sort | mapping the growth of supermassive black holes as a function of galaxy stellar mass and redshift |
| topic | Supermassive black holes X-ray active galactic nuclei Galaxies |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad27cc |
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