Stiffness enhancement of magnetorheological foam by structural modification using silica nanoparticles additive
Magnetorheological (MR) foam is a newly developed porous smart material that is able to change its properties continuously, actively, and reversibly in response to controllable external magnetic stimuli. Unfortunately, the stiffness or also known as storage modulus of MR foam is still rather low and...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-08-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Materials |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2022.959489/full |
| _version_ | 1818516508890890240 |
|---|---|
| author | Rahayu Emilia Mohamed Khaidir Nur Azmah Nordin Saiful Amri Mazlan Hamimah Abd Rahman Ubaidillah Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz Nurhazimah Nazmi |
| author_facet | Rahayu Emilia Mohamed Khaidir Nur Azmah Nordin Saiful Amri Mazlan Hamimah Abd Rahman Ubaidillah Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz Nurhazimah Nazmi |
| author_sort | Rahayu Emilia Mohamed Khaidir |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Magnetorheological (MR) foam is a newly developed porous smart material that is able to change its properties continuously, actively, and reversibly in response to controllable external magnetic stimuli. Unfortunately, the stiffness or also known as storage modulus of MR foam is still rather low and insufficient, in the range of below 100 kPa only, due to weak interparticle interaction between CIPs and the foam matrix, which consequently restricts the potential of MR foam to be used in future sensor applications or in other semi-active devices. Therefore, the aim of this research is to enhance the structural and storage modulus of MR foam by adding silica nanoparticles as an additive. Consequently, MR foam samples with different compositions of silica nanoparticles in the range of 0–5 wt% were prepared via an in situ method. The rheological properties were tested under an oscillatory shear mode with the absence and presence of magnetic fields using a rheometer, with the input parameters of strains between 0.001% and 10% and range of magnetic flux density between 0 and 0.73 T for a magnetic field sweep test. The rheological findings show that with the addition of silica nanoparticles, particularly at 4 wt%, have enhanced the storage modulus of MR foam by 260%, which attributed to the highest stiffness from 45 to 162 kPa. Meanwhile, the change of storage modulus under the influence of magnetic fields (0 T–0.73 T) somehow showed small increment, about ∆1 kPa for each concentration of silica nanoparticles in MR foams, due to non-magnetic behavior of silica. The morphological characteristics of MR foams were described by an elemental analysis carried out by a using variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM) equipped with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The micrographs demonstrated large open-cell pores for MR foam, while MR foam with silica nanoparticles exhibited more closed-cell pores, associated with the enhancement of its storage modulus. It indicates that the silica nanoparticles have encouraged well dispersion of the particles in the foam matrix, which improved and strengthened the microstructure of MR foams through formation of silane coupling bonds of silica in the filler-matrix structure. Overall, incorporation of silica nanoparticles as an additive in the MR foam could provide advantage in enhancing the structure and mechanical properties of MR foam, for various future smart devices. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-11T00:43:13Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-733ce2a775e24564a90fc73eba263afd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-8016 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-11T00:43:13Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Materials |
| spelling | doaj.art-733ce2a775e24564a90fc73eba263afd2022-12-22T01:26:52ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Materials2296-80162022-08-01910.3389/fmats.2022.959489959489Stiffness enhancement of magnetorheological foam by structural modification using silica nanoparticles additiveRahayu Emilia Mohamed Khaidir0Nur Azmah Nordin1Saiful Amri Mazlan2Hamimah Abd Rahman3 Ubaidillah4Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz5Nurhazimah Nazmi6Engineering Materials and Structures (eMast) ikohza, Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaEngineering Materials and Structures (eMast) ikohza, Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaEngineering Materials and Structures (eMast) ikohza, Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaFaculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, MalaysiaMechanical Engineering Department, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Sukarta, IndonesiaFaculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Pahang, Kampus Jengka, Pahang, MalaysiaEngineering Materials and Structures (eMast) ikohza, Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology (MJIIT), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaMagnetorheological (MR) foam is a newly developed porous smart material that is able to change its properties continuously, actively, and reversibly in response to controllable external magnetic stimuli. Unfortunately, the stiffness or also known as storage modulus of MR foam is still rather low and insufficient, in the range of below 100 kPa only, due to weak interparticle interaction between CIPs and the foam matrix, which consequently restricts the potential of MR foam to be used in future sensor applications or in other semi-active devices. Therefore, the aim of this research is to enhance the structural and storage modulus of MR foam by adding silica nanoparticles as an additive. Consequently, MR foam samples with different compositions of silica nanoparticles in the range of 0–5 wt% were prepared via an in situ method. The rheological properties were tested under an oscillatory shear mode with the absence and presence of magnetic fields using a rheometer, with the input parameters of strains between 0.001% and 10% and range of magnetic flux density between 0 and 0.73 T for a magnetic field sweep test. The rheological findings show that with the addition of silica nanoparticles, particularly at 4 wt%, have enhanced the storage modulus of MR foam by 260%, which attributed to the highest stiffness from 45 to 162 kPa. Meanwhile, the change of storage modulus under the influence of magnetic fields (0 T–0.73 T) somehow showed small increment, about ∆1 kPa for each concentration of silica nanoparticles in MR foams, due to non-magnetic behavior of silica. The morphological characteristics of MR foams were described by an elemental analysis carried out by a using variable pressure scanning electron microscope (VPSEM) equipped with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The micrographs demonstrated large open-cell pores for MR foam, while MR foam with silica nanoparticles exhibited more closed-cell pores, associated with the enhancement of its storage modulus. It indicates that the silica nanoparticles have encouraged well dispersion of the particles in the foam matrix, which improved and strengthened the microstructure of MR foams through formation of silane coupling bonds of silica in the filler-matrix structure. Overall, incorporation of silica nanoparticles as an additive in the MR foam could provide advantage in enhancing the structure and mechanical properties of MR foam, for various future smart devices.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2022.959489/fullmagnetorheological foamscarbonyl iron particlessilica nanoparticlesstorage modulusporositysilane coupling |
| spellingShingle | Rahayu Emilia Mohamed Khaidir Nur Azmah Nordin Saiful Amri Mazlan Hamimah Abd Rahman Ubaidillah Siti Aishah Abdul Aziz Nurhazimah Nazmi Stiffness enhancement of magnetorheological foam by structural modification using silica nanoparticles additive Frontiers in Materials magnetorheological foams carbonyl iron particles silica nanoparticles storage modulus porosity silane coupling |
| title | Stiffness enhancement of magnetorheological foam by structural modification using silica nanoparticles additive |
| title_full | Stiffness enhancement of magnetorheological foam by structural modification using silica nanoparticles additive |
| title_fullStr | Stiffness enhancement of magnetorheological foam by structural modification using silica nanoparticles additive |
| title_full_unstemmed | Stiffness enhancement of magnetorheological foam by structural modification using silica nanoparticles additive |
| title_short | Stiffness enhancement of magnetorheological foam by structural modification using silica nanoparticles additive |
| title_sort | stiffness enhancement of magnetorheological foam by structural modification using silica nanoparticles additive |
| topic | magnetorheological foams carbonyl iron particles silica nanoparticles storage modulus porosity silane coupling |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmats.2022.959489/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rahayuemiliamohamedkhaidir stiffnessenhancementofmagnetorheologicalfoambystructuralmodificationusingsilicananoparticlesadditive AT nurazmahnordin stiffnessenhancementofmagnetorheologicalfoambystructuralmodificationusingsilicananoparticlesadditive AT saifulamrimazlan stiffnessenhancementofmagnetorheologicalfoambystructuralmodificationusingsilicananoparticlesadditive AT hamimahabdrahman stiffnessenhancementofmagnetorheologicalfoambystructuralmodificationusingsilicananoparticlesadditive AT ubaidillah stiffnessenhancementofmagnetorheologicalfoambystructuralmodificationusingsilicananoparticlesadditive AT sitiaishahabdulaziz stiffnessenhancementofmagnetorheologicalfoambystructuralmodificationusingsilicananoparticlesadditive AT nurhazimahnazmi stiffnessenhancementofmagnetorheologicalfoambystructuralmodificationusingsilicananoparticlesadditive |