Direct and Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Camellia oleifera Abel
Camellia oleifera Abel. is an important woody oil species; however, the shortage of rapid and industrialized seedling culture is a large constraint on the development of the tea oil industry. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is one of the main powerful biotechnological tools for plant mass regeneration, b...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-03-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Plant Science |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.644389/full |
| _version_ | 1819160959259770880 |
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| author | Ming Zhang Aibin Wang Mou Qin Xuejing Qin Shiwen Yang Shuchai Su Yongjiang Sun Lingyun Zhang |
| author_facet | Ming Zhang Aibin Wang Mou Qin Xuejing Qin Shiwen Yang Shuchai Su Yongjiang Sun Lingyun Zhang |
| author_sort | Ming Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Camellia oleifera Abel. is an important woody oil species; however, the shortage of rapid and industrialized seedling culture is a large constraint on the development of the tea oil industry. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is one of the main powerful biotechnological tools for plant mass regeneration, but the largely unknown SE in C. oleifera limits the scale production of clonal plants. In this study, we described a high-efficiency SE system via direct and indirect pathways in C. oleifera and investigated the effect of genotype, explant age and phytohormones on SE. In the direct pathway, somatic embryos were highly induced from immature seeds 220 days after full blossom, and the development of embryoids was achieved with a combination of 0.19 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.05 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ). In the indirect pathway, embryogenic calli were induced from the same explants in medium containing 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D, while 0.75 mg/L 2,4-D treatment led to high proliferation rates for embryogenic calli. The addition of 0.19 mg/L 2,4-D alone stimulated the production of globular embryos while causing a 75% loss of the induction rate in the heart embryo stage. Upon transfer of the globular embryos to phytohormone-free medium, an optimal induction rate of 62.37% from globular embryos to cotyledonary embryos was obtained. These data suggest that the subsequent differentiation process after the globular embryo stage in ISE is more similar to an endogenous phytohormones-driven process. Mature embryos germinated to produce intact plantlets on half-strength MS basal medium with a regeneration rate of 63.67%. Histological analysis confirmed the vascular bundle isolation of embryoids from the mother tissue. We further studied the different varieties and found that there were no significant genotype differences for SE induction efficiency in C. oleifera. Thus, we established a high-efficiency induction system for direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) in C. oleifera and regenerated intact plantlets via SE, not organogenesis. ISE has a more complicated induction and regulatory mechanism than direct somatic embryogenesis. The improved protocol of SE would benefit mass propagation and genetic manipulation in C. oleifera. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-22T17:04:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-73593f3a416349e18cb6c49e675ff700 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-462X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-22T17:04:44Z |
| publishDate | 2021-03-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| spelling | doaj.art-73593f3a416349e18cb6c49e675ff7002022-12-21T18:19:14ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Plant Science1664-462X2021-03-011210.3389/fpls.2021.644389644389Direct and Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Camellia oleifera AbelMing Zhang0Aibin Wang1Mou Qin2Xuejing Qin3Shiwen Yang4Shuchai Su5Yongjiang Sun6Lingyun Zhang7Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, ChinaBaise Forestry Bureau of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Baise, ChinaKey Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, ChinaKey Laboratory of Forest Silviculture and Conservation of the Ministry of Education, The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, ChinaCamellia oleifera Abel. is an important woody oil species; however, the shortage of rapid and industrialized seedling culture is a large constraint on the development of the tea oil industry. Somatic embryogenesis (SE) is one of the main powerful biotechnological tools for plant mass regeneration, but the largely unknown SE in C. oleifera limits the scale production of clonal plants. In this study, we described a high-efficiency SE system via direct and indirect pathways in C. oleifera and investigated the effect of genotype, explant age and phytohormones on SE. In the direct pathway, somatic embryos were highly induced from immature seeds 220 days after full blossom, and the development of embryoids was achieved with a combination of 0.19 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 0.05 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ). In the indirect pathway, embryogenic calli were induced from the same explants in medium containing 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D, while 0.75 mg/L 2,4-D treatment led to high proliferation rates for embryogenic calli. The addition of 0.19 mg/L 2,4-D alone stimulated the production of globular embryos while causing a 75% loss of the induction rate in the heart embryo stage. Upon transfer of the globular embryos to phytohormone-free medium, an optimal induction rate of 62.37% from globular embryos to cotyledonary embryos was obtained. These data suggest that the subsequent differentiation process after the globular embryo stage in ISE is more similar to an endogenous phytohormones-driven process. Mature embryos germinated to produce intact plantlets on half-strength MS basal medium with a regeneration rate of 63.67%. Histological analysis confirmed the vascular bundle isolation of embryoids from the mother tissue. We further studied the different varieties and found that there were no significant genotype differences for SE induction efficiency in C. oleifera. Thus, we established a high-efficiency induction system for direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) in C. oleifera and regenerated intact plantlets via SE, not organogenesis. ISE has a more complicated induction and regulatory mechanism than direct somatic embryogenesis. The improved protocol of SE would benefit mass propagation and genetic manipulation in C. oleifera.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.644389/fullCamellia oleiferasomatic embryogenesisexplantsgenotypephytohormones |
| spellingShingle | Ming Zhang Aibin Wang Mou Qin Xuejing Qin Shiwen Yang Shuchai Su Yongjiang Sun Lingyun Zhang Direct and Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Camellia oleifera Abel Frontiers in Plant Science Camellia oleifera somatic embryogenesis explants genotype phytohormones |
| title | Direct and Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Camellia oleifera Abel |
| title_full | Direct and Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Camellia oleifera Abel |
| title_fullStr | Direct and Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Camellia oleifera Abel |
| title_full_unstemmed | Direct and Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Camellia oleifera Abel |
| title_short | Direct and Indirect Somatic Embryogenesis Induction in Camellia oleifera Abel |
| title_sort | direct and indirect somatic embryogenesis induction in camellia oleifera abel |
| topic | Camellia oleifera somatic embryogenesis explants genotype phytohormones |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2021.644389/full |
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