Influence of Gender in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complication
In medicine, there is growing evidence that gender differences are important and lead to variations in the pathophysiology and treatment of many diseases with traits that appear to be particularly relevant in influencing the outcomes of many morbid forms. Today, the inclusion of gender in biomedical...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-08-01
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| Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/16/8850 |
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| author | Tiziana Ciarambino Pietro Crispino Gaetano Leto Erika Mastrolorenzo Ombretta Para Mauro Giordano |
| author_facet | Tiziana Ciarambino Pietro Crispino Gaetano Leto Erika Mastrolorenzo Ombretta Para Mauro Giordano |
| author_sort | Tiziana Ciarambino |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In medicine, there is growing evidence that gender differences are important and lead to variations in the pathophysiology and treatment of many diseases with traits that appear to be particularly relevant in influencing the outcomes of many morbid forms. Today, the inclusion of gender in biomedical research, to improve the scientific quality and scientific relevance of knowledge, of technology is an increasingly present element precisely due to the practical implications that derive from it. Gender differences describe the biological variability between women and men, which is, in turn, related to differences in the information contained in sex chromosomes, the specific gene expression of autosomes linked to sex, the different number and quality of sex hormones, and their different effects on systems and organs, without neglecting the fact that each of the sexes has different target organs on which these hormones act. Additionally, both genders undergo metabolic changes throughout their lives, and this is especially true for women who show more dramatic changes due to their role in reproduction. Gender differences are not only the result of our genetic makeup but are also mixed with socio-cultural habits, behaviors, and lifestyles, differences between women and men, exposure to specific environmental influences, different food and lifestyle styles or stress, or different attitude in compliance with treatments and disease prevention campaigns. Gender differences also affect behavior throughout life, and physical changes can have implications for lifestyle, social roles, and mental health. Therefore, determinism and therapeutic outcome in chronic diseases are influenced by a complex combination of biological and environmental factors, not forgetting that there are many interactions of social and biological factors in women and men. This review will address the role of gender differences in the management of various forms of diabetes and its complications considering the different biological functions of hormones, the difference in body composition, physiological differences in glucose and fat metabolism, also considering the role of the microbiota. intestinal, as well as the description of gestational diabetes linked to possible pathophysiological events typical of reproduction. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:22:01Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-735bd7a77e9b4c3e860d1af9b2530277 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T04:22:01Z |
| publishDate | 2022-08-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-735bd7a77e9b4c3e860d1af9b25302772023-12-03T13:46:40ZengMDPI AGInternational Journal of Molecular Sciences1661-65961422-00672022-08-012316885010.3390/ijms23168850Influence of Gender in Diabetes Mellitus and Its ComplicationTiziana Ciarambino0Pietro Crispino1Gaetano Leto2Erika Mastrolorenzo3Ombretta Para4Mauro Giordano5Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Marcianise, ASL Caserta, 81037 Caserta, ItalyEmergency Department, Hospital of Latina, ASL Latina, 04100 Latina, ItalyDepartment of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza Roma, 00185 Roma, ItalyEmergency Department, Hospital of Careggi, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, ItalyInternal Emergency Department, Hospital of Careggi, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, ItalyDepartment of Medical Science, University of Campania, L. Vanvitelli, 81100 Naples, ItalyIn medicine, there is growing evidence that gender differences are important and lead to variations in the pathophysiology and treatment of many diseases with traits that appear to be particularly relevant in influencing the outcomes of many morbid forms. Today, the inclusion of gender in biomedical research, to improve the scientific quality and scientific relevance of knowledge, of technology is an increasingly present element precisely due to the practical implications that derive from it. Gender differences describe the biological variability between women and men, which is, in turn, related to differences in the information contained in sex chromosomes, the specific gene expression of autosomes linked to sex, the different number and quality of sex hormones, and their different effects on systems and organs, without neglecting the fact that each of the sexes has different target organs on which these hormones act. Additionally, both genders undergo metabolic changes throughout their lives, and this is especially true for women who show more dramatic changes due to their role in reproduction. Gender differences are not only the result of our genetic makeup but are also mixed with socio-cultural habits, behaviors, and lifestyles, differences between women and men, exposure to specific environmental influences, different food and lifestyle styles or stress, or different attitude in compliance with treatments and disease prevention campaigns. Gender differences also affect behavior throughout life, and physical changes can have implications for lifestyle, social roles, and mental health. Therefore, determinism and therapeutic outcome in chronic diseases are influenced by a complex combination of biological and environmental factors, not forgetting that there are many interactions of social and biological factors in women and men. This review will address the role of gender differences in the management of various forms of diabetes and its complications considering the different biological functions of hormones, the difference in body composition, physiological differences in glucose and fat metabolism, also considering the role of the microbiota. intestinal, as well as the description of gestational diabetes linked to possible pathophysiological events typical of reproduction.https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/16/8850diabetes mellitusgender differencescomplication |
| spellingShingle | Tiziana Ciarambino Pietro Crispino Gaetano Leto Erika Mastrolorenzo Ombretta Para Mauro Giordano Influence of Gender in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complication International Journal of Molecular Sciences diabetes mellitus gender differences complication |
| title | Influence of Gender in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complication |
| title_full | Influence of Gender in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complication |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Gender in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complication |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Gender in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complication |
| title_short | Influence of Gender in Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complication |
| title_sort | influence of gender in diabetes mellitus and its complication |
| topic | diabetes mellitus gender differences complication |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/16/8850 |
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