Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Aldo-Keto Reductase Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Emerging Roles in Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes mellitus that can lead to vision loss and blindness. It is driven by various biochemical processes and molecular mechanisms, including lipid peroxidation and disrupted aldehyde metabolism, which contributes to retinal tissue damage and the prog...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-07-01
|
| Series: | Antioxidants |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/7/1466 |
| _version_ | 1797590517907718144 |
|---|---|
| author | Burak Mugdat Karan Karis Little Josy Augustine Alan W. Stitt Tim M. Curtis |
| author_facet | Burak Mugdat Karan Karis Little Josy Augustine Alan W. Stitt Tim M. Curtis |
| author_sort | Burak Mugdat Karan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes mellitus that can lead to vision loss and blindness. It is driven by various biochemical processes and molecular mechanisms, including lipid peroxidation and disrupted aldehyde metabolism, which contributes to retinal tissue damage and the progression of the disease. The elimination and processing of aldehydes in the retina rely on the crucial role played by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and aldo-keto reductase (AKR) enzymes. This review article investigates the impact of oxidative stress, lipid-derived aldehydes, and advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) on the advancement of DR. It also provides an overview of the ALDH and AKR enzymes expressed in the retina, emphasizing their growing importance in DR. Understanding the relationship between aldehyde metabolism and DR could guide innovative therapeutic strategies to protect the retina and preserve vision in diabetic patients. This review, therefore, also explores various approaches, such as gene therapy and pharmacological compounds that have the potential to augment the expression and activity of ALDH and AKR enzymes, underscoring their potential as effective treatment options for DR. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:21:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-737684a858294c70a158f61eaa9fc5ee |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3921 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:21:38Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Antioxidants |
| spelling | doaj.art-737684a858294c70a158f61eaa9fc5ee2023-11-18T18:06:24ZengMDPI AGAntioxidants2076-39212023-07-01127146610.3390/antiox12071466Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Aldo-Keto Reductase Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Emerging Roles in Diabetic RetinopathyBurak Mugdat Karan0Karis Little1Josy Augustine2Alan W. Stitt3Tim M. Curtis4Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UKWellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UKWellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UKWellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UKWellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UKDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes mellitus that can lead to vision loss and blindness. It is driven by various biochemical processes and molecular mechanisms, including lipid peroxidation and disrupted aldehyde metabolism, which contributes to retinal tissue damage and the progression of the disease. The elimination and processing of aldehydes in the retina rely on the crucial role played by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) and aldo-keto reductase (AKR) enzymes. This review article investigates the impact of oxidative stress, lipid-derived aldehydes, and advanced lipoxidation end products (ALEs) on the advancement of DR. It also provides an overview of the ALDH and AKR enzymes expressed in the retina, emphasizing their growing importance in DR. Understanding the relationship between aldehyde metabolism and DR could guide innovative therapeutic strategies to protect the retina and preserve vision in diabetic patients. This review, therefore, also explores various approaches, such as gene therapy and pharmacological compounds that have the potential to augment the expression and activity of ALDH and AKR enzymes, underscoring their potential as effective treatment options for DR.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/7/1466diabetic retinopathyoxidative stresslipid peroxidationaldehyde dehydrogenasealdo-keto reductase |
| spellingShingle | Burak Mugdat Karan Karis Little Josy Augustine Alan W. Stitt Tim M. Curtis Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Aldo-Keto Reductase Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Emerging Roles in Diabetic Retinopathy Antioxidants diabetic retinopathy oxidative stress lipid peroxidation aldehyde dehydrogenase aldo-keto reductase |
| title | Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Aldo-Keto Reductase Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Emerging Roles in Diabetic Retinopathy |
| title_full | Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Aldo-Keto Reductase Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Emerging Roles in Diabetic Retinopathy |
| title_fullStr | Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Aldo-Keto Reductase Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Emerging Roles in Diabetic Retinopathy |
| title_full_unstemmed | Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Aldo-Keto Reductase Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Emerging Roles in Diabetic Retinopathy |
| title_short | Aldehyde Dehydrogenase and Aldo-Keto Reductase Enzymes: Basic Concepts and Emerging Roles in Diabetic Retinopathy |
| title_sort | aldehyde dehydrogenase and aldo keto reductase enzymes basic concepts and emerging roles in diabetic retinopathy |
| topic | diabetic retinopathy oxidative stress lipid peroxidation aldehyde dehydrogenase aldo-keto reductase |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/12/7/1466 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT burakmugdatkaran aldehydedehydrogenaseandaldoketoreductaseenzymesbasicconceptsandemergingrolesindiabeticretinopathy AT karislittle aldehydedehydrogenaseandaldoketoreductaseenzymesbasicconceptsandemergingrolesindiabeticretinopathy AT josyaugustine aldehydedehydrogenaseandaldoketoreductaseenzymesbasicconceptsandemergingrolesindiabeticretinopathy AT alanwstitt aldehydedehydrogenaseandaldoketoreductaseenzymesbasicconceptsandemergingrolesindiabeticretinopathy AT timmcurtis aldehydedehydrogenaseandaldoketoreductaseenzymesbasicconceptsandemergingrolesindiabeticretinopathy |