OSIRIS-APEX: An OSIRIS-REx Extended Mission to Asteroid Apophis
The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft mission characterized and collected a sample from asteroid (101955) Bennu. After the OSIRIS-REx Sample Return Capsule released to Earth’s surface in 2023 September, the spacecraft di...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
IOP Publishing
2023-01-01
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| Series: | The Planetary Science Journal |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/acf75e |
| _version_ | 1827360053880946688 |
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| author | Daniella N. DellaGiustina Michael C. Nolan Anjani T. Polit Michael C. Moreau Dathon R. Golish Amy A. Simon Coralie D. Adam Peter G. Antreasian Ronald-Louis Ballouz Olivier S. Barnouin Kris J. Becker Carina A. Bennett Richard P. Binzel Brent J. Bos Richard Burns Nayessda Castro Steven R. Chesley Philip R. Christensen M. Katherine Crombie Michael G. Daly R. Terik Daly Heather L. Enos Davide Farnocchia Sandra Freund Kasper Rose Garcia Kenneth M. Getzandanner Scott D. Guzewich Christopher W. Haberle Timothy Haltigin Victoria E. Hamilton Karl Harshman Noble Hatten Kyle M. Hughes Erica R. Jawin Hannah H. Kaplan Dante S. Lauretta Jason M. Leonard Andrew H. Levine Andrew J. Liounis Christian W. May Laura C. Mayorga Lillian Nguyen Lynnae C. Quick Dennis C. Reuter Edgard Rivera-Valentín Bashar Rizk Heather L. Roper Andrew J. Ryan Brian Sutter Mathilde M. Westermann Daniel R. Wibben Bobby G. Williams Kenneth Williams C. W. V. Wolner |
| author_facet | Daniella N. DellaGiustina Michael C. Nolan Anjani T. Polit Michael C. Moreau Dathon R. Golish Amy A. Simon Coralie D. Adam Peter G. Antreasian Ronald-Louis Ballouz Olivier S. Barnouin Kris J. Becker Carina A. Bennett Richard P. Binzel Brent J. Bos Richard Burns Nayessda Castro Steven R. Chesley Philip R. Christensen M. Katherine Crombie Michael G. Daly R. Terik Daly Heather L. Enos Davide Farnocchia Sandra Freund Kasper Rose Garcia Kenneth M. Getzandanner Scott D. Guzewich Christopher W. Haberle Timothy Haltigin Victoria E. Hamilton Karl Harshman Noble Hatten Kyle M. Hughes Erica R. Jawin Hannah H. Kaplan Dante S. Lauretta Jason M. Leonard Andrew H. Levine Andrew J. Liounis Christian W. May Laura C. Mayorga Lillian Nguyen Lynnae C. Quick Dennis C. Reuter Edgard Rivera-Valentín Bashar Rizk Heather L. Roper Andrew J. Ryan Brian Sutter Mathilde M. Westermann Daniel R. Wibben Bobby G. Williams Kenneth Williams C. W. V. Wolner |
| author_sort | Daniella N. DellaGiustina |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft mission characterized and collected a sample from asteroid (101955) Bennu. After the OSIRIS-REx Sample Return Capsule released to Earth’s surface in 2023 September, the spacecraft diverted into a new orbit that encounters asteroid (99942) Apophis in 2029, enabling a second mission with the same unique capabilities: OSIRIS–Apophis Explorer (APEX). On 2029 April 13, the 340 m diameter Apophis will draw within ∼32,000 km of Earth’s surface, less than 1/10 the lunar distance. Apophis will be the largest object to approach Earth this closely in recorded history. This rare planetary encounter will alter Apophis’s orbit, will subject it to tidal forces that change its spin state, and may seismically disturb its surface. APEX will distantly observe Apophis during the Earth encounter and capture its evolution in real time, revealing the consequences of an asteroid undergoing tidal disturbance by a major planet. Beginning in 2029 July, the spacecraft’s instrument suite will begin providing high-resolution data of this “stony” asteroid—advancing knowledge of these objects and their connection to meteorites. Near the mission’s end, APEX will use its thrusters to excavate regolith, a technique demonstrated at Bennu. Observations before, during, and after excavation will provide insight into the subsurface and material properties of stony asteroids. Furthermore, Apophis’s material and structure have critical implications for planetary defense. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T06:40:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7388c60b86e44ed0b96c68123bb8d0ea |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2632-3338 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T06:40:14Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | IOP Publishing |
| record_format | Article |
| series | The Planetary Science Journal |
| spelling | doaj.art-7388c60b86e44ed0b96c68123bb8d0ea2024-02-03T09:04:21ZengIOP PublishingThe Planetary Science Journal2632-33382023-01-0141019810.3847/PSJ/acf75eOSIRIS-APEX: An OSIRIS-REx Extended Mission to Asteroid ApophisDaniella N. DellaGiustina0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5643-1956Michael C. Nolan1https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8316-0680Anjani T. Polit2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4071-7834Michael C. Moreau3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4699-0519Dathon R. Golish4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-539XAmy A. Simon5https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-6186Coralie D. Adam6https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5795-2446Peter G. Antreasian7https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9040-310XRonald-Louis Ballouz8https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1772-1934Olivier S. Barnouin9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3578-7750Kris J. Becker10https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1971-5957Carina A. Bennett11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0972-6321Richard P. Binzel12https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9995-7341Brent J. Bos13https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7677-1424Richard Burns14Nayessda Castro15Steven R. Chesley16https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3240-6497Philip R. Christensen17https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9625-4723M. Katherine Crombie18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5541-7060Michael G. Daly19https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3733-2530R. Terik Daly20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1320-2985Heather L. Enos21https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0215-8306Davide Farnocchia22https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0774-884XSandra Freund Kasper23https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2417-6575Rose Garcia24Kenneth M. Getzandanner25https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7253-5931Scott D. Guzewich26https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1149-7385Christopher W. Haberle27https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1174-7313Timothy Haltigin28https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3354-3442Victoria E. Hamilton29https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8675-2083Karl Harshman30Noble Hatten31https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4030-4207Kyle M. Hughes32Erica R. Jawin33https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2341-8819Hannah H. Kaplan34https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6562-9462Dante S. Lauretta35https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2597-5950Jason M. Leonard36https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3632-6793Andrew H. Levine37Andrew J. Liounis38https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8867-5253Christian W. May39Laura C. Mayorga40https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4321-4581Lillian Nguyen41https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7893-1943Lynnae C. Quick42https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0123-2797Dennis C. Reuter43Edgard Rivera-Valentín44https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4042-003XBashar Rizk45https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0823-9804Heather L. Roper46https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9518-3203Andrew J. Ryan47https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7535-8416Brian Sutter48Mathilde M. Westermann49https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2050-7293Daniel R. Wibben50Bobby G. Williams51https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7715-9007Kenneth Williams52C. W. V. Wolner53https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5490-0723Lunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAKinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USAKinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USAJohns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USAJohns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USADepartment of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USASchool of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287 , USAIndigo Information Services , Tucson, AZ 85745, USACentre for Research in Earth and Space Science, York University, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3 , CanadaJohns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USAJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91109, USALockheed Martin Space, Littleton, CO 80127, USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USADepartment of Astronomy & Planetary Science, Northern Arizona University , Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USACanadian Space Agency , St. Hubert, QC, J3Y 8Y9, CanadaSouthwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO 80302 , USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USAJohns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USASmithsonian National Air and Space Museum , Washington, DC 20560, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USAKinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USAKinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USALockheed Martin Space, Littleton, CO 80127, USAJohns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USAJohns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USANASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAJohns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, MD 20723, USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USALockheed Martin Space, Littleton, CO 80127, USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USAKinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USAKinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USAKinetX Inc., Simi Valley, CA 93065, USALunar & Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona , Tucson, AZ 85721, USAThe Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS-REx) spacecraft mission characterized and collected a sample from asteroid (101955) Bennu. After the OSIRIS-REx Sample Return Capsule released to Earth’s surface in 2023 September, the spacecraft diverted into a new orbit that encounters asteroid (99942) Apophis in 2029, enabling a second mission with the same unique capabilities: OSIRIS–Apophis Explorer (APEX). On 2029 April 13, the 340 m diameter Apophis will draw within ∼32,000 km of Earth’s surface, less than 1/10 the lunar distance. Apophis will be the largest object to approach Earth this closely in recorded history. This rare planetary encounter will alter Apophis’s orbit, will subject it to tidal forces that change its spin state, and may seismically disturb its surface. APEX will distantly observe Apophis during the Earth encounter and capture its evolution in real time, revealing the consequences of an asteroid undergoing tidal disturbance by a major planet. Beginning in 2029 July, the spacecraft’s instrument suite will begin providing high-resolution data of this “stony” asteroid—advancing knowledge of these objects and their connection to meteorites. Near the mission’s end, APEX will use its thrusters to excavate regolith, a technique demonstrated at Bennu. Observations before, during, and after excavation will provide insight into the subsurface and material properties of stony asteroids. Furthermore, Apophis’s material and structure have critical implications for planetary defense.https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/acf75eAsteroid dynamicsAsteroid surfacesNear-Earth objectsClose encountersSpace observatories |
| spellingShingle | Daniella N. DellaGiustina Michael C. Nolan Anjani T. Polit Michael C. Moreau Dathon R. Golish Amy A. Simon Coralie D. Adam Peter G. Antreasian Ronald-Louis Ballouz Olivier S. Barnouin Kris J. Becker Carina A. Bennett Richard P. Binzel Brent J. Bos Richard Burns Nayessda Castro Steven R. Chesley Philip R. Christensen M. Katherine Crombie Michael G. Daly R. Terik Daly Heather L. Enos Davide Farnocchia Sandra Freund Kasper Rose Garcia Kenneth M. Getzandanner Scott D. Guzewich Christopher W. Haberle Timothy Haltigin Victoria E. Hamilton Karl Harshman Noble Hatten Kyle M. Hughes Erica R. Jawin Hannah H. Kaplan Dante S. Lauretta Jason M. Leonard Andrew H. Levine Andrew J. Liounis Christian W. May Laura C. Mayorga Lillian Nguyen Lynnae C. Quick Dennis C. Reuter Edgard Rivera-Valentín Bashar Rizk Heather L. Roper Andrew J. Ryan Brian Sutter Mathilde M. Westermann Daniel R. Wibben Bobby G. Williams Kenneth Williams C. W. V. Wolner OSIRIS-APEX: An OSIRIS-REx Extended Mission to Asteroid Apophis The Planetary Science Journal Asteroid dynamics Asteroid surfaces Near-Earth objects Close encounters Space observatories |
| title | OSIRIS-APEX: An OSIRIS-REx Extended Mission to Asteroid Apophis |
| title_full | OSIRIS-APEX: An OSIRIS-REx Extended Mission to Asteroid Apophis |
| title_fullStr | OSIRIS-APEX: An OSIRIS-REx Extended Mission to Asteroid Apophis |
| title_full_unstemmed | OSIRIS-APEX: An OSIRIS-REx Extended Mission to Asteroid Apophis |
| title_short | OSIRIS-APEX: An OSIRIS-REx Extended Mission to Asteroid Apophis |
| title_sort | osiris apex an osiris rex extended mission to asteroid apophis |
| topic | Asteroid dynamics Asteroid surfaces Near-Earth objects Close encounters Space observatories |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/PSJ/acf75e |
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