Host selection and forage ratio in West Nile virus-transmitting Culex mosquitoes: Challenges and knowledge gaps.
<h4>Background</h4>To date, no specific therapy or vaccination is available for West Nile virus (WNV) infections in humans; preventive strategies represent the only possibility to control transmission. To focus these strategies, detailed knowledge of the virus dynamics is of paramount im...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
2022-10-01
|
| Series: | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010819 |
| _version_ | 1797984617389621248 |
|---|---|
| author | Nicola Riccetti Augusto Fasano Federico Ferraccioli Jaime Gomez-Ramirez Nikolaos I Stilianakis |
| author_facet | Nicola Riccetti Augusto Fasano Federico Ferraccioli Jaime Gomez-Ramirez Nikolaos I Stilianakis |
| author_sort | Nicola Riccetti |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <h4>Background</h4>To date, no specific therapy or vaccination is available for West Nile virus (WNV) infections in humans; preventive strategies represent the only possibility to control transmission. To focus these strategies, detailed knowledge of the virus dynamics is of paramount importance. However, several aspects of WNV transmission are still unclear, especially regarding the role of potential vertebrate host species. Whereas mosquitoes' intrinsic characteristics cause them to favour certain hosts (host preference), absolute selection is impossible in natural settings. Conversely, the selection carried out among available hosts and influenced from hosts' availability and other ecological/environmental factors is defined as host selection.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>In July 2022, we searched PubMed database for original articles exploring host selection among WNV-transmitting Culex mosquitoes, the main WNV vector. We considered only original field studies estimating and reporting forage ratio. This index results from the ratio between the proportion of blood meals taken by mosquitoes on potential host species and the hosts' relative abundance. From the originally retrieved 585 articles, 9 matched the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. All but one of the included studies were conducted in the Americas, six in the United States, and one each in Mexico and Colombia. The remaining study was conducted in Italy. American Robin, Northern Cardinal, and House Finch were the most significantly preferred birds in the Americas, Common Blackbird in Italy.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Although ornithophilic, all observed WNV-transmitting mosquitoes presented opportunistic feeding behaviour. All the observed species showed potential to act as bridges for zoonotic diseases, feeding also on humans. All the observed mosquitoes presented host selection patterns and did not feed on hosts as expected by chance alone. The articles observe different species of mosquitoes in different environments. In addition, the way the relative host abundance was determined differed. Finally, this review is not systematic. Therefore, the translation of our results to different settings should be conducted cautiously. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T07:05:46Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7389f3a4f1e846c29ca81e19a89f28e2 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1935-2727 1935-2735 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T07:05:46Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | Public Library of Science (PLoS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| spelling | doaj.art-7389f3a4f1e846c29ca81e19a89f28e22022-12-22T04:38:24ZengPublic Library of Science (PLoS)PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases1935-27271935-27352022-10-011610e001081910.1371/journal.pntd.0010819Host selection and forage ratio in West Nile virus-transmitting Culex mosquitoes: Challenges and knowledge gaps.Nicola RiccettiAugusto FasanoFederico FerraccioliJaime Gomez-RamirezNikolaos I Stilianakis<h4>Background</h4>To date, no specific therapy or vaccination is available for West Nile virus (WNV) infections in humans; preventive strategies represent the only possibility to control transmission. To focus these strategies, detailed knowledge of the virus dynamics is of paramount importance. However, several aspects of WNV transmission are still unclear, especially regarding the role of potential vertebrate host species. Whereas mosquitoes' intrinsic characteristics cause them to favour certain hosts (host preference), absolute selection is impossible in natural settings. Conversely, the selection carried out among available hosts and influenced from hosts' availability and other ecological/environmental factors is defined as host selection.<h4>Methodology/principal findings</h4>In July 2022, we searched PubMed database for original articles exploring host selection among WNV-transmitting Culex mosquitoes, the main WNV vector. We considered only original field studies estimating and reporting forage ratio. This index results from the ratio between the proportion of blood meals taken by mosquitoes on potential host species and the hosts' relative abundance. From the originally retrieved 585 articles, 9 matched the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. All but one of the included studies were conducted in the Americas, six in the United States, and one each in Mexico and Colombia. The remaining study was conducted in Italy. American Robin, Northern Cardinal, and House Finch were the most significantly preferred birds in the Americas, Common Blackbird in Italy.<h4>Conclusions/significance</h4>Although ornithophilic, all observed WNV-transmitting mosquitoes presented opportunistic feeding behaviour. All the observed species showed potential to act as bridges for zoonotic diseases, feeding also on humans. All the observed mosquitoes presented host selection patterns and did not feed on hosts as expected by chance alone. The articles observe different species of mosquitoes in different environments. In addition, the way the relative host abundance was determined differed. Finally, this review is not systematic. Therefore, the translation of our results to different settings should be conducted cautiously.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010819 |
| spellingShingle | Nicola Riccetti Augusto Fasano Federico Ferraccioli Jaime Gomez-Ramirez Nikolaos I Stilianakis Host selection and forage ratio in West Nile virus-transmitting Culex mosquitoes: Challenges and knowledge gaps. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases |
| title | Host selection and forage ratio in West Nile virus-transmitting Culex mosquitoes: Challenges and knowledge gaps. |
| title_full | Host selection and forage ratio in West Nile virus-transmitting Culex mosquitoes: Challenges and knowledge gaps. |
| title_fullStr | Host selection and forage ratio in West Nile virus-transmitting Culex mosquitoes: Challenges and knowledge gaps. |
| title_full_unstemmed | Host selection and forage ratio in West Nile virus-transmitting Culex mosquitoes: Challenges and knowledge gaps. |
| title_short | Host selection and forage ratio in West Nile virus-transmitting Culex mosquitoes: Challenges and knowledge gaps. |
| title_sort | host selection and forage ratio in west nile virus transmitting culex mosquitoes challenges and knowledge gaps |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0010819 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nicolariccetti hostselectionandforageratioinwestnilevirustransmittingculexmosquitoeschallengesandknowledgegaps AT augustofasano hostselectionandforageratioinwestnilevirustransmittingculexmosquitoeschallengesandknowledgegaps AT federicoferraccioli hostselectionandforageratioinwestnilevirustransmittingculexmosquitoeschallengesandknowledgegaps AT jaimegomezramirez hostselectionandforageratioinwestnilevirustransmittingculexmosquitoeschallengesandknowledgegaps AT nikolaosistilianakis hostselectionandforageratioinwestnilevirustransmittingculexmosquitoeschallengesandknowledgegaps |